Recontructionism Essay

The role of the student in a Reconstructionist learning environment. The role of the student in the reconstructionist learning environment is to be an active participant. Students are encouraged to think critically about the world in which they live in and how it can be changed for the better. Students learn how to be problem solvers and decision makers. It is common for students to be challenged on their thoughts and feelings regarding topics. Acquisition of strong moral values are also encouraged through teaching. Reconstructionist encourages social activism among its students. It is not uncommon for students to learn while doing, such as organizing a food drive for the local homeless shelter. Progressivism With the Laboratory School set the stage for the progressive education movement. Based on the view that educators, like scientists, need a place to test their ideas, Dewey’s Laboratory School eventually became the most famous experimental school in the history of U. S. education, a place where thousands observed Dewey’s innovations in school design, methods, and curriculum. Although the school remained under Dewey’s control for only eight years and never enrolled more than 140 students (ages 3 to 13) in a single year, its influence was enormous. Dewey designed the Lab School with only one classroom but with several facilities for experiential learning: a science laboratory, an . Progressivism organizes schools around the concerns, curiosity, and real-world experiences of students. The progressive teacher facilitates learning by helping students formulate meaningful questions and devise strategies to answer those questions. Answers are not drawn from lists or even Great Books; they are discovered through real world experience. Progressivism is the educational application of a philosophy called pragmatism. According to pragmatism, the way to determine if an idea has merit is simple: test it. If the idea works in the real world, then it has merit. Both pragmatism and progressivism originated in America, the home of a very practical and pragmatic people. John Dewey refined and applied pragmatism to education, establishing what became known as progressivism. John Dewey was a reformer with a background in philosophy and psychology who taught that people learn best through social interaction in the real world. Dewey believed that because social learning had meaning, it endured. Book learning, on the other hand, was no substitute for actually doing things. Progressivisms do not believe that the mind can be disciplined through reading Great Books, rather that the mind should be trained to analyse experience thoughtfully and draw conclusions objectively. Dewey saw education as an opportunity to learn how to apply previous experiences in new ways. Dewey believed that students, facing an ever-changing world, should master the scientific method: (1) Become aware of a problem; (2) define it; (3) propose various hypotheses to solve it; (4) examine the consequences of each hypothesis in the light of previous experience; and (5) test the most likely solution. (For a biography of John Dewey, see the Hall of Fame: Profiles in Education in Chapter 4. ) Dewey regarded democracy and freedom as far superior to the political ideas of earlier times. Dewey saw traditional, autocratic, teacher-cantered schools as the antithesis of democratic ideals. He viewed progressive schools as a working model of democracy. Dewey wrote: To imposition from above is opposed expression and cultivation of individuality; to external discipline is opposed free activity; to learning from texts and teachers, learning through experience; to acquisition of isolated skills and techniques by drill is opposed acquisition of them as means of attaining ends which make direct vital appeal; to preparation for a more or less remote future is op-posed making the most of the opportunities of present life; to statistics and materials is opposed acquaintance with a changing world. The Progressive Classroom Walk into a progressivism classroom, and you will not find a teacher standing at the front of the room talking to rows of seated students. Rather, you will likely see children working in small groups, moving about and talking freely. Some children might be discussing a science experiment, while another group works on a model volcano, and a third pre-pares for a presentation. Interest centres would be located throughout the room, filled with books, materials, software, and projects designed to attract student interest on a wide array of topics. Finally you notice the teacher, walking around the room, bending over to talk with individual students and small groups, asking questions and making suggestions. You sense that the last thing on her mind is the standardized state test scheduled for next week. Progressivisms build the curriculum around the experiences, interests, and abilities of students, and encourage students to work together cooperatively. Teachers feel no compulsion to focus their students’ attention on one discrete discipline at a time, and students integrate several subjects in their studies. Thought-provoking activities augment reading, and a game like Monopoly might be used to illustrate the principles of capitalism versus socialism. Computer simulations, field trips, and interactive websites on the Internet offer realistic learning challenges for students, and build on students’ multiple intelligences. Progressivism in Action: The Laboratory School In 1896, while a professor at the University of Chicago, Dewey founded the Laboratory School as a testing ground for his educational ideas. Dewey’s writings and his work art room, a wood-working shop, and a kitchen. Children were likely to make their own weights and measures in the laboratory, illustrate their own stories in the art room, build a boat in the shop, and learn chemistry in the kitchen. They were unlikely to learn through isolated exercises or drills, which, according to Dewey, students consider irrelevant. Since Dewey believed that students learn from social interaction, the school used many group methods such as cooperative model-making, field trips, role playing, and dramatizations. Dewey maintained that group techniques make the students better citizens, developing, for example, their willingness to share responsibilities. Children in the Laboratory School were not promoted from one grade to another after mastering certain material. Rather, they were grouped according to their individual interests and abilities. For all its child-cantered orientation, however, the Laboratory School remained hierarchical in the sense that the students were never given a role comparable to that of the staff in determining the school’s educational practices. Social Reconstructionism Social reconstructionism encourages schools, teachers, and students to focus their studies and energies on alleviating pervasive social inequities, and as the name implies, reconstruct society into a new and more just social order. Al-though social reconstructionist agree with progressivists that schools should concentrate on the needs of students, they split from progressivism in the 1920s after growing impatient with the slow pace of change in schools and in society. George Counts, a student of Dewey, published his classic book, Dare the Schools Build a New Social Order? in which he outlined a more ambitious, and clearly more radical, approach to education. Counts’s book, written in 1932, was no doubt influenced by the human cost of the Great Depression. He proposed that schools focus on reforming society, an idea that caught the imagination and sparked the ideals of educators both in this country and abroad. Social challenges and problems provide a natural (and moral) direc tion for curricular and instructional activities. Racism, sexism, environmental pollution, homelessness, poverty, substance abuse, homophobia, AIDS and violence are rooted in misinformation and thrive in ignorance. Therefore, social reconstructionists believe that school is the ideal place to begin ameliorating social problems. The teacher’s role is to explore social problems, suggest alternate perspectives, and facilitate student analysis of these problems. While convincing, cajoling, or moralizing about the importance of addressing human tragedy would be a natural teacher response, such adult-led decision-making flies in the face of reconstructionist philosophy. A social reconstructionist teacher must model democratic principles. Students and teachers are expected to live and learn in a democratic culture; the students themselves must select educational objectives and social priorities. The Social Reconstructionist Classroom A social reconstructionist teacher creates lessons that both intellectually inform and emotionally stir students about the inequities that surround them. A class might read a book and visit a photojournalist’s exhibit portraying violent acts of racism. If the book, exhibit and the class discussion that follows move the students, the class might choose to pursue a long-term project to investigate the problem. One group of students might analyse news coverage of racial and ethnic groups in the community. Another student group might conduct a survey analysing community perceptions of racial groups and race relations. Students might visit city hall and examine arrest and trial records in order to determine the role race plays in differential application of the law. Students might examine government records for information about housing patterns, income levels, graduation rates and other relevant statistics. The teacher’s role would be as facilitator: assisting students in focusing their questions, developing a strategy, helping to organize visits, and ensuring that the data collected and analysed meet standards of objectivity. Throughout, the teacher would be instructing students on research techniques, statistical evaluation, writing skills, and public communications. In a social reconstructionist class, a research project is more than an academic exercise; the class is engaged in a genuine effort to improve society. In this case, the class might arrange to meet with political leaders, encouraging them to create programs or legislation to respond to issues the students uncovered. The students might seek a pro bono attorney to initiate legal action to remedy a social injustice they unmasked. Or perhaps the students might take their findings directly to the media by holding a press conference. They might also create a Web page to share their findings and research methods with students in other parts of the country, or other parts of the world. How would the teacher decide if the students have met the educational goals? In this example, an objective, well-prepared report would be one criterion, and reducing or eliminating a racist community practice would he a second measure of success. Social Reconstructionism in Action: Paulo Freire Paulo Freire believed that schools were just another institution perpetuating social inequities while serving the interests of the dominant group. Like social reconstructionism itself, Freire’s beliefs grew during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when he experienced hunger and poverty first-hand. Influenced by Marxist and neo-Marxist ideas, Freire accused schools of perpetuating the status quo views of the rich and powerful â€Å"for the purpose of keeping the masses submerged and content in a culture of silence. † Schools were endorsing social Darwinism, the idea that society is an ingenious â€Å"sorting† system, one in which the more talented rise to the top, while those less deserving find themselves at the bottom of the social and economic pecking order. The conclusion: Those with money de-serve it, those without money deserve their lot in life, and poverty is a normal, preordained part of reality. Freire rejected this conclusion. He did not believe that schools should be viewed as â€Å"banks,† where the privileged deposit ideas like social Darwinism to he spoon fed into the limited minds of the dispossessed. He envisioned schools as a place where the poor can acquire the skills to regain control of their lives and influence the social and economic forces that locked them in poverty in the first place. Freire engaged the poor as equal partners in dialogues that explored their economic and social problems and possible solutions. Freire believed in praxis, the doctrine that when actions are based on sound theory and values, they can make a real difference in the world. (It is no accident that the term praxis is also the name given to the teacher competency tests required by many states. ) Freire’s ideas took hold not only in his native Brazil, but in poor areas around the globe. As poor farm workers became literate and aware, they organized for their self-improvement, and began to work for change. It is not surprising that the autocratic leaders of his country eventually forced him into exile, for he had turned schooling into a liberating force. For a biography of Paulo Freire, see the Hall of Fame: Profiles in Education in Chapter 4. ) How Can Education Reduce Crime? A major proposition for solving the crime epidemic has always been a call for more education: however does a more educated society mean a lawful society? Schools as institutions are merely a microcosm of society and as such must inherently reflect the attitudes and behavior of the public, including stealing from each other beating up on each other, dealing in contraband and sexually violating each other. Students flout school regulations and/or national laws. One can now ponder which comes first, the chicken or the egg? Does the deviant student become the criminal? Or does the criminal modeling within society create the deviant student? Students however are not the only perpetrators of crime in schools. Teachers represent authority figures in the system, and like in wider society, they may abuse their power and break school rules as well. These unfortunate events again raise questions. What causes a teacher to give unfair advantages to his favorite students? What causes the politician/policeman to pardon his criminal friend or allow him unfair advantages? What causes authority figures to victimize members of a certain groups? In the end, we need to view the issues of crime in school and crime in society as interlinked. Viewed in this context, the solution of increased education on its own to mitigate crime, seems less feasible. A favorable learning environment, coupled with specialized teaching techniques can lower deviance and increase the rule of law. Students are more likely to succeed when they feel connected to the school and the learning process. This connection reflects students’ belief that school administrations care about them as individuals. Teachers are central to creating a clear classroom structure. They must build connectedness in the classroom and encourage team-learning exercises to break down social isolation by integrating student teams across gender, academic ability, and ethnicity. A supportive school administration must not allow a young person to ‘fail’, or students will inadvertently believe in’ winners and losers’. This assumption sets up a dysfunctional dichotomy: the ‘winners’ or the academically proficient become ‘nerds’ and ‘losers’. A positive, nurturing school culture with students experiencing connectedness to their school will create a positive, nurturing society with citizens experiencing connectedness to their communities and by extension, their country. Studies show a high proportion of students positively connected to their school are likely to increase academic performance and school competition rates and decrease incidents of fighting, bullying, vandalism and absenteeism. There is strong evidence, applicable across racial, ethnic and income groups that students who feel connect to school are less likely to exhibit disruptive behavior. Implementing civic education, particularly education about the rule of law into school curricula is used in Latin America and Asia as a predominant technique to foster knowledge and attitudes that prevent crime and corruption, protect human rights and enrich and enhance formal democracy. In Trinidad and Tobago, the education system has consistently separated schools and students into vocation and university tracks and as such, avoided providing all students with the same core curriculum and setting inclusive academic standards. This form of ‘informed prejudice’ has created, over the past decades, a society of confident and ‘inferior’ citizens, professionals and dropouts, favored ‘old-boy’ graduates and ‘neglected strugglers. ’ Without a significant paradigm shift in the education system, the levels of crime in schools and society will increase or remain constant, students will always steal and teachers will always create as many or more problems than they solve. Higher levels of education do not guarantee less crime in society, but indeed a more effective education system that caters to both the students and teacher’s mental and psychological health, while fostering a greater understanding and appreciation for civic duty and the rule of law, is key for crime reduction. Advocates: Early education key to reducing crime The key to eradicating crime and violent behaviour, say organizers with the non-profit Fight Crime: Invest in Kids Pennsylvania, is to invest more resources in early care and child education. That was the theme earlier this week as Fight Crime visited the Penn Alexander School to unveil its findings in the multi-point plan, â€Å"High-Quality Early Care and Education: a Key To Reducing Crime in Pennsylvania. † The plan points to numerous nationwide studies which found that in Michigan, at-risk children not enrolled in high-quality programs were five times more likely to be chronic offenders by the age of 27; another report, this one based on Chicago, found that at-risk kids not participating in the city’s child-parent centre programs are 70 per cent more likely to be arrested for a violent crime by the age of 19. And since the School District of Philadelphia’s enrolment of at-risk/economically disadvantaged children currently sits at 80. 6 per cent – or 117,749 students – it only made sense for Philadelphia to be the first stop in a state-wide mission, said Fight Crime Pennsylvania State Director Bruce Clash. â€Å"Philadelphia is obviously important because it’s a big city, and important because so many kids here have unmet needs,† Clash said. â€Å"And that’s a travesty for them, their families and the community at large. Clashed praised the efforts of District Attorney Seth Williams in embracing the findings and for attending the unveiling, along with district superintendent Dr. William Hite Sr. and other elected and appointed officials. Williams and Hite were both unavailable for comment as of Tribune press time. The report illustrates in great detail the correlation between the lack of education and criminality and the positive effects reaped wh en limited resources are properly utilized, vital when only 17. 6 per cent of eligible 3- and 4-year-olds have access to high-quality publicly funded pre-K programs throughout the commonwealth. The report also shows that Pennsylvania spends more than $2. 3 billion on incarceration, but only $340 million on early childhood education. â€Å"Law enforcement leaders across Pennsylvania want to make sure more Pennsylvania children receive high-quality care and education in their early years – the help they need to succeed in life and avoid later crime and violence,† read a portion of the findings. â€Å"Despite strong evidence that high-quality early education can reduce future corrections costs in Pennsylvania and nationally, spending on corrections far surpasses spending on early education. The report further shows that, of criminals labelled chronic offenders by the age of 2, 35 per cent of them did not attend or participate in preschool programs; conversely, only 7 per cent of those that did attend such a program went on to be considered chronic offenders. The report suggests several ways to cut off young criminal pipeline, including increasing the number of quality teachers, better funding for federal early care, Pre-K and head start programs, better implementation of the Child Care and Development Block grant and more school districts taking part in the federal â€Å"Race To The Top† program. The thing most criminals have in common is the lack of a high school education. Not everyone who doesn’t get a diploma commits a crime, but there are more likely to commit a crime and be incarcerated,† Clash said. â€Å"So we targeted early childhood, with 40 years of research showing us that if you reach at-risk and economically disadvantaged children, 44 per cent more were likely to graduate because they have a foundation to build on, develop, grow from and attain the skills they need in life. Clash said inroads are being made, citing the recent, multi-million dollar funding of the state’s â€Å"Pre-K Counts† program and the various Head start initiatives. Those two programs are funded through a series of line items in the state budget. â€Å"Both of these funding streams are used by the School District of Philadelphia and by hundreds of school districts throughout the state, and many other districts use their own money for these programs,† Clash said. Momentum continues to grow, but the problem is that only 17 per cent of all Pennsylvanian three- and four-year-olds receive publicly-funded, high-quality Pre-K programming. â€Å"And in Philadelphia, it’s a huge, unmet need, since 3,100 kids are at the poverty line do not have access to pre-K programs because they are on a wait list,† Clash continued. â€Å"So this report makes the case of why law enforcement is so concerned about getting access to pre-K young kids. Long-term arrests come down, and behaviourally, the data shows a reduction in early aggressive behaviour. †

Mkt 421 Week 3 Learning Team Submission

Starbucks has a specific target audience for the company’s soup line. According to â€Å"Who Is Starbucks' Target Audience? † (2012), â€Å"This audience is adult male and adult females from the ages of twenty-five to forty years old. This is approximately half of Starbucks total business† (para. 3). The company has another large target market audience. According to â€Å"Who Is Starbucks' Target Audience? † (2012), â€Å"Starbucks’ second largest target market is forty percent of its business. This audience is between the ages of eight-teen to twenty-four† (para. 4).This helps the company to target a mature audience that will appreciate the wholesome goodness of the company’s soup line. One potently large target market the soup line will open up is catering business lunches. This will open up corporate America to the value that Starbucks presents. This corporate customer will not only purchase soup, but will also be able to purchase c offee with the order. This audience already consumes the company’s’ coffee, but goes elsewhere for their meal plans. This is also an attempt to gain customers from fast food establishments that would like a more upscale dining experience.This experience along with the other things like internet access is what Starbucks offers its customers. Who Is Starbucks' Target Audience?. (2012). Retrieved from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/starbucks-target-audience-10553. html It might be argued that Starbucks is no more than a fast food company paralleling such chains as McDonalds, Wendy’s, and Taco Bell. The company appears to provide the same basic service customers expect from a fast food giant. One sharp marketing contrast however, consistently has Starbucks standing out far above the others.Starbucks Corporation counts on the same customers visiting their local stores daily and sometimes multiple times in a day. Most fast food chains cannot typically tout such a cl aim. Starbucks’ customer base is not necessarily specific to age, gender, or cultural origin. Starbucks customers are those who buy-in to the sophisticated image of the â€Å"Siren,† and all she represents. Many Americans have always loved good coffee and coffee drinking as a social event. Starbucks capitalizes on this tradition and caters to the coffee house crowd.In the minds of many, coffee houses represent a rather bohemian genre of artists, poets, and scholars. Starbucks customers know there is a bit of the coffee house crowd in all of us. The company markets a sense of social freedom that has timeless appeal. Starbucks customers like the feeling of exclusivity that being a Starbucks customer provides. Knowing the quirky Starbucks language is an example that is exclusively Starbucks. Starbucks language is a kind of mix of Italian and English. For example, beverage preparers are referred to as â€Å"baristas. Beverage titles like â€Å"caramel macchiato,† a nd â€Å"Triple, Vente, no foam, three Splenda, skinny, latte,† are fun to say and make the customer feel worldly and sophisticated. Ordering the exclusively Starbucks â€Å"frappacino† satisfies that strange attraction Americans seem to have toward all things European; never mind that the trademarked word frappacino is not a real word in any language. In addition, Starbucks customers value time and are often master jugglers and multitaskers. Schedules that often overlap career, academics, and family needs are common among Starbucks customers.The new, â€Å"Cup of Comfort† line of gourmet soups provides customers a way to grab a healthy bite of lunch or dinner without interrupting an already busy day. Soccer mom can swing through the drive through so little Bobby or Jennifer can eat a healthy meal before practice and mom can get a quick boost to keep her going. â€Å"Cup of Comfort,† adds an appealing element to the Starbucks menu and satisfies a need for something substantial and healthy in customers’ diets during an afternoon or evening visit to this favorite gathering place.

Globalization and the Impact of Supranational Organizations Essay

Globalization and the Impact of Supranational Organizations - Essay Example The formation of the EU brought together countries in Western Europe as well as those in Eastern Europe that had their allegiance to the communist regime in Russia. Therefore, the EU had great promise for it members and have achieved tremendous step in developing trade and commerce among its member states and other geopolitical regions.2 However, though the EU have reshaped the tradition geopolitical that existed during the Great War and World War II it has so many challenges, and it’s in the brink of disintegrating.3 The British for example has contemplated moving it country out of the EU because the institution undermine national interest for the interest of the Union. Moreover, small economies such as Portugal, Greece and Denmark complain of unfairness in trade policies and exploitation of their market by big economies in the EU.4 I agree that the motive of the formation of the EU was to poster peace among the European countries that had spent long period fighting over bother disputes and annexation of new territories by strong nations.5 Therefore, political leaders believed that if country would cooperate to trade with each other there would be minimal aggression among nations and people would gear up to trade for their own benefit and that of their country. I concur that the EU represent a community of nations and states that have varied cultural and national identities. However, the cultural and national differences are united under the umbrella of economic and political union. Therefore, the EU has enhanced integration as people get to know each other better and thus producing a stable social, economic and political Union. However, I agree that there are problem facing the EU from skepticism to suspicion, and this is threatening the future of the world strongest economic integration.6 I agree that the European Union was

Development of Mongolia in Mining Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Development of Mongolia in Mining Sector - Essay Example pag.). This paper is intended to review the impact the booming mining industry makes on the overall economic performance of Mongolia, as well as the major opportunities and challenges faced by the sector, which inter alia would determine its future. The paper is organized in three main sections, the first of which provides accounts of the overall size, type and peculiar characteristics of Mongolian economy; the second provides a brief overview of the Mongolian mining sector; while the third section attempt an insight into the broadening horizons of Mongolia’s mining industry. Introduction to Mongolian Economy Following the dissolution of the USSR, Mongolia’s economy experienced both deep recession due to natural disasters and political inaction, and more or less noticeable growth, because of the economic reform, which included free-market orientation and extensive privatization of the dominant state sector (CIA, n. pag.). However, the massive livestock losses caused by severe winters and draughts, compounded by falling prices for the primary sector exports and widespread opposition to the privatization process, resulted in fairly anemic GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth; between 2004 and 2008, the GDP growth was nearly 9 percent on average, mainly due to new gold production, as well as to high copper prices (CIA, n. pag.). As of 2008, the Mongolian economy suffered both a soaring inflation rate – actually the highest inflation rate in over a decade, reaching almost 30 percent – and an external shock caused by the global financial crisis, with a sharp drop in commodity prices, hence greatly slashed government revenues (CIA, n. pag.). A 236 million-dollar stand-by agreement was reached with the International Monetary Fund in 2009, which assisted the country to emerge from the crisis (CIA, n. pag.). Because of the harsh weather during the winter in 2009 – 2010, a massive loss of livestock occurred once again – this time over 20 % of the total number – doubling the meat prices and consequently shrinking the GDP by 1.9 percent. In 2010, the economy growth was 6.4 percent, while in 2011 – 17.3 percent; these results were mainly obtained by commodity exports in the neighboring countries, on which the Mongolian economy heavily relies (CIA, n. pag.). For example, Mongolia purchases 95 percent of the imported petroleum products and substantial portion of its electricity imports from Russia, while China receives over 90 percent of Mongolia’s total exports (CIA, n. pag.). Besides agriculture, which comprises production of wheat, barley, vegetables and forage crops, as well as horses-, sheep-, goats-, cattle-, and camels-breeding, the Mongolian economy’s main industries include construction, production of construction materials, mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, gold, uranium, etc.), production of food and beverages, as well as processing of animal products; according to data of 2010, electricity production amounts to 4.313 billion kWh, whereas electricity imports are 262.9 million kWh (CIA, n. pag.). As of the same period, the overall industrial production growth rate is estimated at 37.3 % (CIA, n. pag.). According to 2011 data, Mongolia’s GDP is estimated at 13.28 billion dollars. Agriculture contributes 12.9 % of the total GDP, the

Prison Life and Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prison Life and Strategies - Research Paper Example Thus, it was far crueler then it is now. Male and female prisoners are typically kept separate locations. The security of the prison is kept high alert and the prisoners are divided into categories regarding their security as some criminals are very dangerous to others. There can be four special types of prisons, else than the typical one: There are many problems and consequences that are related to the prison and the prisoners that would be discussed in the paper. Prison is the last solution to the criminal the justice systems have. But it comes with a lot of drawbacks and weaknesses. It is a disturbing way of making people live forcefully thus; some accept it as a punishment but many with negative attitude dominance take it negatively and do not stop the violence. Even within the prison criminal rebel and are difficult to handle. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (2012) has devised and formulated different plans and strategies that are being implemented in the prisons like giving a normal surrounding healthy to the prisoners, thus not making them offended and giving them a proper treatment and treating them normally, the way citizens are treated. The criminal justice system has been interpreted and amended numerous times over 200 years. With the changes occurring by the time they need to improve criminal justice system is evident. Prison in the US justice system is an awful condition where one loses their freedom. Nevertheless, there is no other mean to protect the normal citizens of the society from the violence creating citizens who murder, rape, assault or rob other people. Therefore prison is an important need to protect the society to lead a peaceful existence. It is also to be assured that prisons are only used as the last resort against the people who threaten the lives and well being of others.

Performance Criteria Identified By Hillgren And Morse Essay

Performance Criteria Identified By Hillgren And Morse - Essay Example Hillgren and Morse (1998) established that similarities exist among high performing organizations. Their view of such organizations is based on financial accomplishments, employee motivation as well as service delivery and customer satisfaction. This paper critically compares the performance of Abercrombie and Fitch against the four performance criteria identified by Hillgren and Morse (1998). The multinational company deals with designer clothes. The paper highlights some practical examples related to the concepts, ideas and insights from their article titled â€Å"high performing organizations†. High Performing Organizations Direction is one of the basic elements identified by Hillgren and Morse (1998). Leaders need to ensure that the subordinates understand the organization’s principles. These are fundamental to its existence. The visionary leadership of Abercrombie and Fitch promotes a sense of purpose in the organization. The leaders understand the company’s vision and apply their skills to entrench creativity among the workers. Sensitization of employees regarding the achievement of the organization’s vision and core values is done regularly through staff meetings and weekly forums, which ensures that all team players in the various departments understand their roles in enhancing success. The sensitization approach corresponds to Hillgren and Morse’s assertion of â€Å"a clearly articulated and frequently communicated vision† (p 9), which is significant for high performing organizations. Behaviourization of values as proposed by Hillgren and Morse gives Abercrombie and Fitch a unique characteristic that enhances customer satisfaction. One of the core values is to ensure customer focused service delivery that is based on their needs rather than the company’s interests. Workplace diversity promotes strong interpersonal relationships among the staff, which helps in building talents and encouraging creativity. Exceptional contribution among staff is acknowledged and rewarded. The leaders act as role models of the organizational behaviour. Integrity is upheld and words correspond to the actions of staff members. The value metrics highlighted by Hillgren and Morse have been adopted by Abercrombie and Fitch. They help in establishing the level of customer satisfaction, which signifies the level of collaboration among staff. Value metrics are also significant in determining whether the organizational values have been upheld in service delivery to customers. Bhatt (2002) observed that â€Å"anything that gets measured gets done† (p 28). Abercrombie and Fitch’s value metrics are focused on the priority areas that are likely to be affected by the dynamics of the operating environment. For example, customers’ feedback offers a basis for the assessment of the level of satisfaction. After interacting with the company’s employees, the customers are given a chance to confi dentially rate and comment the quality of service offered to them. The management is able to determine the areas that require improvements as well as those that require reinforcement through assessing positive and negative feedbacks from consumers. The suggestion box also provides an opportunity to assess the organization’s leadership as well as the priority areas that need further consideration. Performance measurement is significant in assessing progress and planning for future improvements (Edwards et al. 2007). It helps in determining staff awareness regarding the direction of the organization. Abercrombie and F

Safety Aspects of Food Processing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Safety Aspects of Food Processing - Essay Example Such secondary manufacturers can include re-packers, food caterers, and food retail outlets. As of a decade ago, the working legislation relating to this topic is EC Regulation No 2073/2005. It states that food should â€Å"not contain micro-organisms their toxins and metabolites in quantities that present an unacceptable risk for human health† (European Commission 2005). In addition, existing policy does require that some food business operators be required to demonstrate that the foods the produce comply with the stated criteria related to microbiological material throughout the entire period of time mentioned in the shelf-life. This relates specifically to reasonable and foreseeable conditions of distribution, storage, and use of the food. In regard to labelling, it is important to note that the legal definition of shelf life in Europe is defined as the ‘date of minimum durability’. This means that it refers to the date until which a food can be reasonably expe cted to retain its specific properties as long as it is stored properly. Another important term to note is the ‘use by date’, which relates to a microbiological perspective. Within a short period of time after this date, the food would be deemed to constitute an immediate threat to the health of a human. As such, as the the ‘use by date’ has passed, the consumer should consider the food to be unsafe, but prior to this date they have the expectation that it is, indeed, safe. In addition, the ‘best before date’ is taken to mean to the date until which a food retains its specific properties when it is stored properly. The properties include, but are not limited to, appearance, odour, texture, and flavour. It is one thing to understand the legal requirements of properly setting a valid shelf-life duration for any given product, but it is another thing entirely to do so

'Smart Film'. Case study on Fight Club and Donnie Darko Essay

'Smart Film'. Case study on Fight Club and Donnie Darko - Essay Example This paper defines what Sconce means by this term, â€Å"Smart Film,† showing how it emerges out of both classical and art film cinema history, and provides some examples from two key films which have been categorized within this genre. There is then a discussion of the validity of the term, considering several possible objections to this classification. Finally, the paper concludes that the term â€Å"Smart film† is a valid genre descriptor, so long as it is understood in the ironic way that Sconce originally intended, and not as an indicator of quality or status. One of the main features of the â€Å"Smart Film† is the absence of a single plot line, or main character to unify the action. The way that the characters relate to each other is more complex, and the audience has to work harder to make sense of the connections and dis-connections that appear on the screen. This shift of focus from more traditional linear approaches is described by Sconce as a narrativ e style â€Å"centering not on a central unifying character’s dynamic action (as in classic Hollywood cinema) nor on relatively passive observations (as in previous art cinema), but rather on a series of seemingly random events befalling a loosely related set of characters.† (Sconce, 2002, 362) ... Kristin Thompson argues that this has been a tendency of blockbuster movies right through the 1970s and 1980s: â€Å"... Hollywood continues to succeed through its skill in telling strong stories based on fast-paced action and characters with clear psychological traits. The ideal American film still centers around a well-structured, carefully motivated series of events that the spectator can comprehend relatively easily.† (Thompson, 1999, 8) This so-called â€Å"classical† style of movie production endures because it has become the accepted â€Å"norm† for the majority of film audiences. Thompson acknowledges the importance of episodic films, and the emergence of post-modern cinema, which breaks with many of these traditions, but maintains that Hollywood will doubtless continue to be fascinated by genres such as the action film which tend to be both â€Å"formulaic† and â€Å"overblown† (Thompson, 1999, 338) The impact of non-classical films like Ta rantino’s Pulp Fiction, has, according to Thompson, been minimal, leaving a legacy which encourages imitators to dwell on the extremes of sex and violence rather than engage in novel approaches to narrative structure. Thompson makes valid points, but the â€Å"Smart Film† genre shows that some independent film-makers working together with the large studios have managed to break away from the stranglehold of classical expectations. Sconce’s reference to art films, as well as classical film, is highly relevant, and although Sconce is keen to point out the differences between his new genre of â€Å"Smart Films† and the art film genre, there are also many similarities between the two genres. The work of Bordwell has done much to explain the specific art film

Fear Crime Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fear Crime Report - Essay Example This report is to summarizes the findings of the survey carried out and give a general outcome of the findings (Chatterton and Hollands, 2002). Table one Table one shows a survey taken in Kingston, considering various attributes like the age group, gender, disability, ethnicity of a person, focusing on the minority ethnics. It also targeted those who were residents in RBK, adults, in full time education, how they travel to town, the purpose of visit and if they were aware that there was the presence of CCTV in the areas (Gant, 2010). There have been public concerns about the safety of the public because, despite the good record of low crime, there have been exceptional cases of crimes occurring at the town. The table gives statistics of the research from the year 2007 to 2012. It is evident that the number of people willing to participate in the survey increases every time. The highest recorded number of people in the survey hit a record of 1136, in the year 2010 (Table 1). These peo ple are then divided in age groups of under twenty five years, between twenty five and thirty nine years, between forty and fifty nine years, and finally sixty years and over. According to the statistics, those who were under twenty five years among all the age groups, were the ones with the highest number of fear of crime, whereas those who were at the age of sixty years and over, had the least fear of crime in the town. This explains that it is the young ones who have a lot of time in their hands and commit these crimes. Most criminals fall in the age gap of below twenty five. When assessing between the male and female? In all the years, the female is more afraid of crime in the town than their male counterparts. However, these statistics have dropped from a high of 59, to a low of 50.8 in the year 2011. This is encouraging because it shows that the fear of crime has reduced, and this could be attributed to the facts that criminal offences have reduced, and the public safety is en sured. For those who are in full time education, in the town, the story is different because the fear tends to escalate drastically. Another record worth taking note of is the means that people use to travel to the city center. Those who travel by motor cycle are the least fearful of the group, but statistics still shows that the fear of crime has increased, although it is still lower than other means of transport (Oc and Tiesdell, 2001). Those who travel by means of vehicles, that is by bus or personal cars. This shows that these people experience a high rate of crime, therefore they fear for their property and lives. Those who go to school at the city center have the most fear of crime. This was equated to crimes committed in school like bullying, being beaten up and harassment from their fellow students. An exceptionally large number of people are aware of the availability of CCTV in public areas within the town. This gives them the sense of security, since they believe that ther e safety is assured and do not have to fear. It was also reported that some of the crimes committed include vandalism, graffiti, antisocial behavior. Table 2 Table two shows the reported experience of victimization in percentage, in the years 2007 to 2012. The levels of personal victimization are reviewed in the table, and from

ASEAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ASEAN - Essay Example Then it discusses the origin of ASEAN in detail. This section stresses on the kind of economy existing in the South East Asian countries prior to the formation of ASEAN. It also highlights the role of United States and Japan in the formation of ASEAN and the implication of the development of this organization. ASEAN has certain restriction in the achievement of its goals The reason for the limitations to attain its goals are discussed in detail. The second part of the paper mainly concentrates on the achievements of ASEAN. It describes in detail the role played by it in the economic and the political affairs of the South East Asian countries. The successful ASEAN strategy that has developed the economy of India and China, the endeavor of ASEAN in the global market place and the growth rate of ASEAN countries are also highlighted in this section. The various achievements discussed in this section are the benefits of free trade, the growth of outside economic relations, technological innovations, the increasing buying potential of various countries, market unification and monetary assistance. The initiatives taken to strengthen political stability and to combat terrorism in the region is also one of the aspects discussed. The third part of the paper deals with the kind of challenges faced by ASEAN to achieve and sustain its primary goal. Some of the challenges that ASEAN faces because of relations between member nations and concerns faced in resolving these issues are the important aspect of this section. The kind of security threats that appears in South-east Asia is mentioned in detail. The challenges due to economic development of certain south East Asian countries, the monetary crisis, and the issues due to the incorporation of new member countries in ASEAN are some of major topics, which are discussed in detail. The fourth part of the paper stresses on the response to challenges and the future of ASEAN. ASEAN follows a certain strategy to face the challenges in future. Hence, the first part of this section concentrates on the objectives of the formation of ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM). The importance of regionalism and steps taken to ensure peace in the South East Asian countries are also covered. There are suggestion put forth to face its future challenges. The various steps taken by ASEAN to eliminate the barriers of trade and the development in the infrastructure of the south East Asian countries is also discussed at length. The different strategies to enhance the dealing of trade, the technological advancements, necessity of transparent, specific rules and treaties, initiatives taken in the field of finance and planning are some of the other aspects dealt with in this section. The second part of this section ascertains the future of ASEAN. The reason for the existence of ASEAN, changes anticipated in future to ensure the security of southeast nations due to increased terrorism and the need to initiate in its financial policies are discussed. The change in role of ASEAN, some of the benefits of extending this establishment, the change in the utility of the concept of regionalism are some of the changes in the structure of ASEAN that is discussed under this section. The change in the

4 Points of Winning Essay Example for Free

4 Points of Winning Essay Let’s start with â€Å"First is prayer.†Nothing is as strong as correct prayer. This is faith of â€Å"no prayer will go unanswered.† This is the Mystic Law of â€Å"no strategy can match the strategy of the Lotus Sutra.† In any struggle, everything begins with prayer. And it is vital to always continue praying. We have to pray right through any difficulty we encounter. The Mystic Law is the fundamental principle of the universe. The prayers of a person who chants, practices and struggles for the Mystic Law, which is of such supreme importance, will be perfectly in synch with the fundamental rhythm of the universe. Accordingly, no prayer by such a person will go unanswered. The benevolent deities, the Buddhas and bodhisattvas will all extend their protection without fail. See more: Sleep Deprivation Problem Solution Speech Essay The important thing is prayer for kosen-rufu. In other words, it is prayer based on a vow for the protection and the powerful flourishing of the Soka Gakkai that is advancing kosen-rufu. It is prayer with the spirit â€Å"Buddhism is victory or defeat† to show actual proof of the greatness of the Mystic Law in our life. The prayers of a votary of the Lotus Sutra will be answered without fail. No matter what might happen, a person of powerful prayer will be able to change poison into medicine. Such a person has absolutely nothing to fear. Just how immense is the power of daimoku? It is the ultimate power to move the universe. The rhythm of daimoku resounds throughout the universe while activating the Buddha nature in our life. Those who sonorously chant daimoku change the life of one friend after another and cause their communities, society and the world to move toward peace and prosperity, while causing their own life force to abundantly well forth. What is the secret to causing an organization to develop? It is the determination of the central figure. It is to always live out one’s life together with the Soka Gakkai based on the spirit of mentor and disciple. Also, earnestness and action are very important. An organization in which the leaders pray and take action with all their might will thrive. By contrast, an organization whose central figure is arrogant toward those within and never ventures outside will not develop. We need to take the initiative in meeting with others. We need to build new friendships. We have to proudly tell people about the greatness of the Soka Gakkai and the wonder of mentor and disciple. It is this that will open a new age. When the central figure really fights hard and leads a fulfilling life each day, this vitality will be transmitted to others, and everyone will become happy. An organization ultimately depends on the central figure. I would like to reiterate this point. Of course, someone who understands being â€Å"earnest† to mean always wearing a fierce expression will only drive people away. While stoking a fighting spirit in our heart, when meeting friends we should put on a bright smile and offer warm encouragement. At any rate, faith is â€Å"action for becoming happy.† The life of Buddhism always exists within action. The second of the four principles for absolute victory is action. Without action, Buddhism could not exist. To what extent has one taken action for kosen-rufu? This is the true expression of one’s faith. It’s not a matter of organizational position or standing. It could be said that the strength or weakness of a person’s faith directly manifests in their actions. Those who take action for kosen-rufu are most noble. Leaders absolutely must never forget the importance of such individuals. I only believe in action. Rather, I cannot believe anything except action. Why is the world of Buddhism beautiful, profound and strong? It is because it contains the supreme unity of â€Å"many in body, one in mind.† Unity of â€Å"many in body, one in mind† is the third of the four principles for absolute victory. It could be said that such unity is truly the secret to achieving kosen-rufu. An organization possessing unity of â€Å"many in body, one in mind† is sure to develop. By contrast, an organization of â€Å"one in body, many in mind† or â€Å"many in body, many in mind† is sure to decline. The statement, â€Å"If the spirit of many in body but one in mind prevails among the people, they will achieve all their goals† (WND-1, 618), is a great principle that must never be forgotten. It is eternal guideline. It is certainly no exaggeration to say that our victory or defeat will depend entirely on whether we can construct an organization of with unity of â€Å"many in body, one in mind.† Kosen-rufu is a battle against devilish forces. Even a great castle will be taken by enemies if it has an area that is unguarded or that is weak. If there are people of â€Å"many in body, many in mind† within the castle, then devils will be able to cause disruptions in the castle that much more easily. In unity of â€Å"many in body, one in mind,† there is no such thing as one person being above or below another. It is not a matter of our being â€Å"one in body.† We’re â€Å"different in body.† While treasuring the individuality and unique characteristics of each person, we need to equally pool our energies with a spirit of â€Å"one in mind.† There is a vital point for strengthening unity of â€Å"many in body, one in mind.† Namely: activities whereby â€Å"persons inside the castle destroy the castle from within† cannot be allowed. We have to steadfastly battle people of â€Å"many in body, many in mind,† who are parasites in the lion’s bowels, and completely remove the roots of this devilish tendency. President Toda strictly decreed: â€Å"If a leader forgets kosen-rufu and tries to create a personal clique out of concern for personal fame and fortune, then the other leaders must unite in firmly driving away such a selfish and egoistic person.† This harmonious unity of the Soka Gakkai, which President Toda declared to be more important than his own life, must be protected for all eternity. I would like to assert that this is the pulse of kosen-rufu. What is the most essential thing for advancing in unity of â€Å"many in body, one in mind†? It is to live out one’s life in unity with the mentor. Oneness of mentor and disciple is the imperative that people who are â€Å"different in body† become â€Å"one in mind.† This is the fourth of the four principles for absolute victory. Unity of â€Å"many in body, one in mind† can only be solidified by each person forming a deep resolve to unite in spirit with the mentor and advance kosen-rufu. It is precisely in such unity that the beneficial power of the Mystic Law becomes clearly manifest. Oneness of mentor and disciple is foundation that determines our attainment of Buddhahood. The great path of perpetuating kosen-rufu lies precisely in advancing in unity with the mentor. That’s because without the pillar of mentor and disciple, we will be readily carried away by our emotions, and swept along by the conditions of the times. Without mentor and disciple, we would be easily defeated when confronted by devils. It is now 50 years since President Toda passed away. I am confident that as President Toda’s disciple I have been able to establish a model of the path of a disciple, the path of a successor, and the path of oneness that will shine free of any blemish for ten thousand years.

Final Exam Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Final Exam Study Guide Essay Explain and discuss the following topics in light of the course readings and class lecture/discussion. Answers will be graded primarily on the depth and thoroughness of response – please develop your answers so that they reflect an understanding of the readings and class lecture/discussions. You will be given five questions, out of which four will need to be answered. 1. Using Christifideles Laici chapter 2, describe the important features of the mystery of Church communion. 2. What do we learn from CCC 234, 221 and 260 about the mystery of Church communion? 3. What does Christifideles Laici chapter 3 contribute to a proper understanding of the dignity of every human person and the relation of this truth to all human rights? 4. Chapter four of Christifideles Laici addresses the unique evangelistic contributions that various groups of the lay faithful make within the vineyard. Describe two of these groups and Blessed John Paul II’s insights into their unique work in the world. 5. Compare and contrast two of the definitions of â€Å"catechesis† which were examined in class. Be sure to state the exact wording of these definitions and provide an analysis of their emphases. 6. Msgr. Kelly describes four frameworks through which we understand modern catechetics. Be prepared to explain any of these frameworks. 7. The Guide for Catechists reflects specifically on four characteristics of the spirituality that is particular to catechists. Be prepared to discuss thoroughly any of these four characteristics. Why are these characteristics vital to the catechist’s spiritual life?

Impact of Poverty on Economic and Social Issues

Impact of Poverty on Economic and Social Issues Inequality is a matter for concern for every society. Using this statement discuss the uneven spatial access of resources to alleviate poverty Introduction Inequality is a topic that has been increasingly dismissed by many in power for a substantial period of time. Jones (2012) talks of how it has been thought of as an ‘airy- fairy irrelevance’: all that matters is that the living standards of all were improving; this has not been the case though, especially in Britain. This essay will focus on Britain arguing that unless inequality is urgently addressed, it will lead to a large range of economic and social issues. From this the uneven spatial access of resources shall be looked at with a specific focus on opportunity and trust, two issues which are in vital need of attention if poverty is to be alleviated. Politicians need to take a central role in attempting to eradicate inequality; Jackson and Segal (2004) argue that many people, including some on the Left express doubts about whether economic inequality matters to public policy. Wilkinson and Pickett (2009) in their book, The Spirit Level: Why Equal Societies Almost Alw ays Do Better, highlight that less equal societies tend to do worse when it comes to health, education and general well-being. This has been echoed by many others (Brandolini, 2007; Jackson and Segal, 2004; Jones, 2012; Smeeding, 2004, 2005, 2006) yet the government has done very little resulting in inequality in Britain being the fourth highest in the developing world (Wilkinson and Pickett, 2009). Opponents of inequality will argue that if most of us are better off than we used to be, does it matter if some are much, much better off than most? This is a question that shall be addressed as it is central to promoting the argument that inequality is a matter of concern for us all. Defining Poverty Before continuing it is important to define what poverty is. The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality (2009) definition is: ‘Living in poverty shall be taken to mean persons, families and groups of persons whose resources (material, cultural and social) are so limited as to exclude them from the minimum acceptable way of life in the Member State in which they live.’ The second definition is from Townsend (1997): ‘The definition of poverty most commonly applied in economically advanced societies is the exclusion from the life of the society due to lack of resources’ Two definitions from different time periods have been used as it is important to get a perspective from different years to see if the definition has changed. As you can see both definition are similar with the exception that the Oxford Handbook (2009) definition is far broader that Townsends’ (1997) definition which focuses on economically developed countries. These two definitions shall be used as the platform when discussing poverty further into this essay and so as such inclusion and exclusion as a form of poverty are the main focus of this essay. Why we should Care about Inequality Since the Coalition came into power in 2010, they have promoted their key phrase of ‘We’re all in it together.’ Jones (2012) sees this as a ludicrous statement because while the average Briton faces the most protracted squeeze in living standards since the 1920s, the Sunday Times Rich List reveals an ever-booming elite. In the developed world there is an obsession with gazing upon those richer than us, peering into their ludicrously privileged lives to see how they function. This can be seen with the rising popularity of shows such as Channel 4’s Made in Chelsea, the show capturing the lives of London’s elite living in Chelsea. Wollaston (2013) describes the show and its main characters very well: ‘these are ghastly, ghastly people – vacuous, petty, dull, and offensive. But there is kind of open-mouthed fascination in watching Made in Chelsea. Its about incredulity more than anything else, tinged with just a hint of jealousy and lechery. Well, they are rather splendid to look at.’ Made in Chelsea is a fitting example to use when looking at how people think about inequality. The vast majority of viewers for the show will look enviously at the characters but would take little if any time at all to consider how and why they are so wealthy considering they seem to do so little. They just want to live their lavish lifestyles; Krugman (2007) notes how this pattern of the wealthy spending more leads to others attempting to do the same. This has led to household debt and inequality rising in both the USA and UK, especially in the run up to the financial crisis in 2008. Krugman (2007) highlights that there is a link between inequality and the financial crises that occurred in 1929 and 2008- both coincided with historic levels of inequality. It should not take financial meltdown to get people talking and thinking about inequality. Shows like Made in Chelsea act as tools to make the general population forget about ineq uality when in fact they should be highlighting it; when this begins to happen inequality will be taken far more seriously by both those in power and the general population. In the introduction the question was posed that if most of us are better off than we used to be, does it matter if some are much, much better off than most? Mandelson (1998) said that the New Labour government was, â€Å"Intensely relaxed about people getting filthy rich.† With politicians having so much power it is imperative that inequality is a matter of concern for them as they can attempt to implement changes needed. This has not and still is not the case though, Jackson and Segal (2004) argue that governments could fix inequality but chose not to and put the recent growth in inequality down to policy decisions taken by the government in the 1980’s and 90’s. During this period Labour ideology and policy was revised, inequality became a taboo subject, something that members of the Labour party seemed to be almost embarrassed about as they potentially thought it may revert back to Old Labour ideals. Jackson and Segal (2004) talk of how the anti-egalitarian thr ust of Thatcherism and the enthusiasm of members to secure the support of affluent floating voters meant that the Labour leadership was transformed. Hattersley (1997) notes the party leadership believed the pursuit of greater equality was an objective that put an arbitrary cap on individuals’ aspirations. Equality does not cap individuals’ aspirations; it just gives everyone a fair platform on which to start. This point was outlined by Kinnock (1987) where he attacked the ‘savage unfairness of the Conservative policy,’ and talked of how if people had a platform on which to stand and build their business or reputation they would flourish. From this point we can move on to talk about opportunity, a resource that must be utilised to move forward as a country and alleviate poverty. The Uneven Access of Opportunity â€Å"For me, the goal of social democracy is to create the sort of society in which the daughter of a Hartlepool shop assistant has as much chance of becoming a High Court judge as the daughter of a Harley Street doctor.† Peter Mandelson, 1998. The statement above from Peter Mandelson is a point which the UK should strive to work towards. Jackson and Segal (2004) note that the richer you are the greater ability you have to do as you want without interference from others. Using the example from above, the daughter of a Harley Street doctor would most likely get a good education and progress onto university if she wanted. The daughter of a Hartlepool shop assistant could have the exact same wants but economically it may not be possible to do as she wants. Table showing correlation between father’s quartile and son’s quartile Source: Dearden, Machin and Reed, 1997, p62 The table above strengthens the argument that there is a connection between class origins and destinations and truly highlights how levels of opportunity are very low for a child born into the lowest level. Britain has to improve the figures shown above to stop the prospect of there being a generation of children born into poverty with no hope, few aspirations and no platform on which to start. Rawls (1999) notes that while a meritocratic might argue that an individual deserves to be able to eat in fine restaurants or own a new car as a result of her superior productive contribution, it is harder to claim that an individual deserves to be healthier or to be better educated simply as a result of his/her (or his/her parents’) talents. Being born into a poorer family should not impact your opportunities, but unfortunately this seems to be the case in many places. This essay has argued that equality in opportunity needs to be achieved in the attempt to alleviate poverty. Brooks (2008) has argued though that what people really need is neither material equality nor equality of opportunity but simply good access to economic opportunity. This point of view is one that many would see as a better solution, if everyone had better access to money then surely the playing field would be a more level one? Wilkinson and Pickett (2009) use the example of London, one of the most unequal cities on Earth, where the top 10% receive 273 times more than the bottom 10% (IFS, 2010). This essay would argue that although economic opportunity is an important factor, on its own it would solve nothing. Increasing economic opportunity would do very little in such an unequal place; improving equality of opportunity would allow people to truly strive towards their goals without being stopped due to lack of money ,being born in the wrong part of the country or being born i nto a lower class family. Wilkinson and Pickett (2009) highlight that in London there are those who feel excluded and can see what they are denied on an almost daily basis. This was the main reasons for the summer riots in 2011. Jackson and Segal (2004) note that beyond a certain point money does not improve the quality of life in a society but greater equality and opportunity does. Reducing this gap in Britain would facilitate a happier, healthier and more successful population. The most unequal countries, the US, the UK, Portugal and Singapore have much worse social problems than the most equal countries of Japan, Sweden and Norway (Wilkinson and Pickett, 2009). Effects of Low Levels of Trust Another significant factor in trying to alleviate poverty is increasing the levels of trust in Britain. Uslaner (2002) argues that to maintain trust between members of a community, ‘what matters is not how rich a country is, but how equitable the dispersion of income is.’ In unequal communities members trust one another less; Hsieh and Pugh (1993) highlight that these more unequal societies suffer from higher crime rates, health and education issues and, in particular higher homicide rates. Putnam (2000) argues that growing inequality has coincided with a decline in social cohesion and goes on to say how more detailed empirical studies have shown that tangible social fragmentation is indeed associated with rising inequality. Jackson and Segal (2004) note that in more unequal societies people trust each other less. Inequality undermines the sense of community- as a result of people’s lives being so different the feeling of common citizenship becomes more and more d ifficult. Lansley (2011) talks of how, ‘greater inequality increases status competition and provides fertile soil for the growth of mistrust and isolation.’ These factors aren’t a good platform for a country to grow from and attempt to create a society that tries to include people who want to work. Kawachi (1997) notes how economic efficiency can be enhanced if there is greater interpersonal trust among communities, this would mean a greater number of people being prepared to work with one another creating the potential for a variety of new products and services. Continuing on the subject of trust levels decreasing in Britain, residential segregation depending on social class has increased as people move away from less desirable areas partly as a consequence of spiralling inequality. Hutton (1996) describes residential segregation as, ‘the drawbridge community for the rich and the decaying housing estates locked in viscous circles of depopulation and poverty for the poor.’ With the rich increasingly excluding themselves from others it has serious consequences for attempts to guarantee adequate funding for public services which could then fall into decline leading to those at the bottom losing out. Jackson and Segal (2004) note that shared public services have an important role in social democratic thought: certain goods essential to the health and well-being of citizens are decommodified in order to equalise access of such goods relative to market distribution. These services should be in a space, in which all members of the comm unity are welcome equally, Hutton (1999) highlights that this mixing together of individuals from different backgrounds who would never usually meet is the end goal and helps to keep the services running. However, in a country where levels of inequality are high and trust is low, the wealthy can buy their way out of these services. If the rich are not included in the public system they are likely to be far less supportive of efforts to improve them, and very unhappy at the prospect of having to pay higher taxes needed to fund them. Titmuss (1968) argued that, ‘services for poor people have always tended to be poor quality services.’ If trust was higher the different social classes would mix and we would not have services labelled as rich or poor; services for those at the bottom are so poor it is incredibly difficult for them to get themselves out of poverty and engage with the economy. Britain has the lowest life expectancy out of the 23 most developed countries (Wilki nson and Pickett, 2009) despite spending vast sums of money on healthcare. This is because large amounts of money are going to the wealthy while those at the bottom struggle to survive on what little they are given. Following on from the previous section, we can look at how inequality and trust have led to services for the least well of declining. Schwabish, Smeeding and Osberg (2003) found that countries such as Britain with large levels of economic inequality had lower levels of spending on public programmes that provide goods or income and services to households. This occurs because the rich become more distant from the other classes leading to them finding it easy to opt out of public programmes and convert to private services. This may not seem like a problem at first, but because the rich exert a greater influence over decision and policy making than the other groups political support for these goods and services is eroded. People not only at the bottom, but also in the middle therefore have services that could be far better. Conclusion â€Å"If you are born poor in a more equal society like Finland, Norway or Denmark then you have a better chance of moving into a good job than if you are born in the United States. If you want the American dream – go to Finland.† Ed Miliband, speech to the Sutton Trust 21 May 2012 This essay has shown how two untraditional resources of opportunity and trust can have a huge impact on how we can deal with poverty in Britain. The current and future governments have a huge task ahead of them if they are to reduce poverty and to promote social mobility. Jackson and Segal (2004) highlight the need for policy changes and public attitude changes. For policy changes there is no set rule on how to tackle inequality and poverty, which we have seen throughout this essay are linked very closely. It is clear that policy- makers need to think creatively and broaden their ambitions to forge a strategy for Britain. For public attitude changes Jackson and Segal Jones (2012) note that, ‘a large majority agree with the proposition that the gap between the rich and the poor is too large.’ A large majority agree that the gap between rich and poor is too large, with over 80% agreeing with this statement from the early 1990’s onwards (Hills, 2001). Most will recog nise that the low paid make a huge contribution to society and the economy and thus deserve more than they are getting at present. Once policy and attitudes have changed, as it has been shown in this essay the economy will prosper, society will function more efficiently and this should reduce poverty levels in Britain. References Brooks, A (2008). Gross National Happiness. Why Happiness Matters for America – and How We Can get More of It. New York: Basic Books. Dearden, L, Machin, S and Reed, H, (1997) ‘Intergenerational Mobility in Britain’, Economic Journal, 107, pp47-66. Greenspan, A (2007), The Age of Turbulence, Penguin. Hattersley, R, (1997) ‘Why I’m No Longer Loyal to Labour’, The Guardian, 26 July; Brown, G, (1997) ‘Why Labour is Still Loyal to the Poor’, The Guardian, 2 August Hills, J. (2001) ‘Poverty and Social Security: What Rights? Whose Responsibilities?’ in Park, Curtice, Thompson, Jarvis and Bromley (eds), (2001) British Social Attitudes: The 18th Report – Public Policy, Social Ties, London, Sage, pp8-9; Hsieh, C and Pugh, M, (1993) ‘Poverty, Income Inequality, and Violent Crime: a Meta-analysis of Recent Aggregate Data Studies’, Criminal Justice Review, 18, pp182-202. Hutton, W, (1999) ‘Real Cost of the Property Boom’, The Observer, 15 August. Marshall, TH, (1950) Andersen, G, (1990) Citizenship and Social Class, Cambridge, CUP; Esping- The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Cambridge, Polity, pp35-54. Jackson, B and Segal, P. (2004). Why Inequality Matters. Catalyst Working Paper. Jones, O. (2012). Why Inequality Matters. Centre of Labour and Social Studies Kawachi, I, Kennedy, B, Lochner, K and Prothrow-Stith, D, (1997) ‘Social capital, Income Inequality and Mortality’, American Journal of Public Health, 87, pp1493-4 Kinnock, N, (1987) The Biography, London, Little, Brown Co., p406. Krugman, P. 2003 The Great Unraveling: Losing Our Way in the New Century Krugman, P. 2007. The Conscience of a Liberal Lansley, S (2011) The Costs of Inequality Three Decades of the Super Rich and the Economy, Gibson Square. London Institute for Fiscal Studies (2010). Poverty and Inequality in the UK: 2010. Available at: http://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/4877.11 Mandelson, P. (1998) ‘New Labour: The Challenge of Becoming New Labour’, at http://www.petermandelson.com/newlabour.shtml. Mandelson, P.1998. Report for the Financial Times by David Wighton on 23 October 1998 Miliband,E. (2012) Speech to the Sutton Trust 21 May 2012 Putnam, R, (2000) Bowling Alone, New York, Simon Schuster, pp358-9 Rawls, J, (1999) [1971] A Theory of Justice, Oxford, OUP, pp63-4. See also Dworkin, R, (2000) Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality, Cambridge MA, Harvard UP Salverda, W, Nolan, B and Smeeding, T. (2009) The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality. Oxford University Press Schwabish, J, Smeeding, T and Osberg, L, (2003) ‘Income Distribution and Social Expenditures: A Cross-National Perspective’, Luxembourg Income Series Working Paper No. 350, Syracuse University, p35. Townsend, P, 1979. Poverty in the United Kingdom. Harmondsworth: Penguin Titmuss, RM, (1968) Commitment to Welfare, London, Allen Unwin, p134. Uslaner, E M, (2002) The Moral Foundations of Trust, Cambridge, CUP, pp230- 42, p181. We are grateful to Patti Lenard for guiding us through the literature on trust and inequality. Wilkinson, R and Pickett, K (2009). The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. London: Allen Lane. Wilkinson (2009), op.cit., p. 23 Wollaston, S. 2013. http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2013/apr/09/made-in-chelsea-tv-review

Structures Used in The Sound and the Fury Essay -- Sound and the Fury

Structures Used in The Sound and the Fury In â€Å"Christian and Freudian Structures†, Carvel Collins points out some interesting systems used by Faulkner in The Sound and The Fury. Collins refers to the first system Faulkner uses as a Christian structure, which shows how all three Compson sons are in parallel with Christ. When discussing the Christian structure, Collins says that it is important for the reader to know that three of the four sections are set on Easter Sunday and the two days preceding it (71). First, he discusses the Quentin section because it dates back to a Thursday with the other sections being on Friday (Jason), Saturday (Benjy), and Sunday (fourth section). The Thursday in which the Quentin section takes place symbolizes Christ’s experience on Holy Thursday and some points of similarity are: 1) Quentin's’s Last Supper with Shreve, Gerald, and their companions in the picnic, in which they drink wine. (Wine in biblical terms symbolizes the blood of Christ.) 2) The â€Å"breaking of the bread† with the little Italian girl (bread=body of Christ). 3) Quentin’s tortured conversation with his father stands out in his memories which takes place on the same day of the week as the event of Christ crying out in anguish upon his father and 4) Quentin is captured and taken before a court, just as Christ was. Next in history was Good Friday which compares to the Jason section. One event that took place on Good Friday was â€Å"that disciple took her (Christ’s mother) into his own† (John 19). Christ’s mother was in association with her son, just like Mrs. Compson and Jason Jason was the only child in which she cared for. Jason’s name also seems to be significant because it was â€Å"used for ‘Jesus’ by Hellenized Jews†. One ... ...epresents the ego, â€Å"which Freud presents as a battleground between the urges of the id and the restraints of the super-ego; and Jason at that of the repressive super-ego† (73). Using these Freudian terms and characteristics, the three Compson sons merge into one with Benjamin representing the id, having only instinct and does not care about time. He goes to sleep at the end of his section. Then in the first sentence of the Quentin section, Quentin wakes up aware of the time (â€Å"ego first part of the personality to become aware of time†) (74). Works Cited Collins, Carvel â€Å"Christian and Freudian Structures.† Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Sound and The Fury. Ed. Michael H. Cowan. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1968. 71-74. Life Applications Bible for Students. The New King James Version. Illinois: Tyndale Publications, Inc., 1994.

State Laws :: essays research papers

Most legal disputes involving state law are initially decided in the trial courts or by an administrative agency. But after such a decision, an individual may turn to the state’s appeal courts if he or she believes a legal error occurred that harmed the case. In fact, thousands of cases are appealed every year.(1) They include criminal convictions as well as civil cases involving personal injury, contracts, employment, real estate, probate, divorce, child custody and many other issues. Whenever an appellate court reverses a trial court decision, it almost always allows that court to rehear the case using the correct law and procedures. In the vast majority of cases, the decision of a Court of Appeal is final. The state Supreme Court does not review the vast majority of cases – it steps in to resolve new or disputed questions of law as well, as to review death penalty cases. Death penalty cases proceed directly to the Supreme Court, bypassing the lower Court of Appeal. The appellate courts of California consist of the Supreme Court and the Courts of Appeal. The judges who serve on these courts are called appellate justices. There are seven justices on the Supreme Court and 93 justices on the Courts of Appeal. The Courts of Appeal are divided into six geographical districts and hear cases arising within the district. Proceedings in appellate courts are very different from those in trial courts. In trial courts a judge or jury hears the testimony of witnesses and reviews physical evidence, exhibits and documents before deciding a case. Appellate courts do not decide an appeal by taking new evidence or reassessing the credibility of the witnesses who testified in the trial court. Instead, they review the written record to determine if the trial court properly interpreted the law and used the correct procedures when considering the case. The opposing parties submit written documents, called briefs, to assert their position. The parties also participate in oral arguments before the appeal court justices. To ensure that the cases are examined from several perspectives and receive a thorough analysis, each Court of Appeal case is decided by three appeal court justices. All seven justices decide the Supreme Court cases. In both cases, a majority of justices must agree on a decision. All justices are bound to apply the law whether they agree with that law or personally disagree with it.

Silent prayer :: essays research papers fc

A majority of Americans have been exposed to or heard of marijuana. Marijuana is a common drug among all age groups of Americans. It was once legal and still popular. The US government and citizens have now raised the question if this party drug that is know to relax the body and mind should be legalized in the United States (â€Å"What are the Pro’s and Con’s of Marijuana Use† par. 1). Marijuana is derived from the dried leaves of a hemp plant called cannabis sativa. Already legal for medicinal use in California and Arizona, many are trying to make marijuana available to all Americans of legal age. The debate on the legalization of marijuana has been going on for several years within the government. The reason why this issue has been so hard to resolve is that there is a multitude of arguments supporting both sides of the debate. Money plays an important role in supporting the legalization of marijuana. Possession of marijuana as a criminal offense costs the taxpayers billions of dollars. This money goes into anti-drug advertisement and action plans, the enforcing of the law, and also all the money spent to keep all the marijuana drug offenders in the prison system (Libertarian Party 7). It could be better used for action against drugs that are more harmful than marijuana like crack cocaine, LSD, or heroin. These drugs pose a bigger health threat than marijuana (Libertarian Party 7). 2 Health issues are also an important aspect when arguing that marijuana should be legalized. There is never any guarantee as to the contents of the marijuana that is being bought off of drug dealers. Chances are that marijuana can contain many other various substances that are even worse for one’s health (Libertarian Party 4). If the government were to have control of the production of marijuana, the need for drug dealers would be eliminated, and the product that the consumers are receiving would be more pure (â€Å"What are the Pros and Cons of Marijuana Use†). The government control of marijuana would offer several other advantages. The cost of marijuana would be much lower if the government controlled the sell of it. Usually drug dealers charge very high prices for marijuana to satisfy their own greed. If marijuana were legalized, users would be purchasing marijuana from the government. It would be easier for the government to keep marijuana out of the hands of minors and eliminate the influences of black markets. Silent prayer :: essays research papers fc A majority of Americans have been exposed to or heard of marijuana. Marijuana is a common drug among all age groups of Americans. It was once legal and still popular. The US government and citizens have now raised the question if this party drug that is know to relax the body and mind should be legalized in the United States (â€Å"What are the Pro’s and Con’s of Marijuana Use† par. 1). Marijuana is derived from the dried leaves of a hemp plant called cannabis sativa. Already legal for medicinal use in California and Arizona, many are trying to make marijuana available to all Americans of legal age. The debate on the legalization of marijuana has been going on for several years within the government. The reason why this issue has been so hard to resolve is that there is a multitude of arguments supporting both sides of the debate. Money plays an important role in supporting the legalization of marijuana. Possession of marijuana as a criminal offense costs the taxpayers billions of dollars. This money goes into anti-drug advertisement and action plans, the enforcing of the law, and also all the money spent to keep all the marijuana drug offenders in the prison system (Libertarian Party 7). It could be better used for action against drugs that are more harmful than marijuana like crack cocaine, LSD, or heroin. These drugs pose a bigger health threat than marijuana (Libertarian Party 7). 2 Health issues are also an important aspect when arguing that marijuana should be legalized. There is never any guarantee as to the contents of the marijuana that is being bought off of drug dealers. Chances are that marijuana can contain many other various substances that are even worse for one’s health (Libertarian Party 4). If the government were to have control of the production of marijuana, the need for drug dealers would be eliminated, and the product that the consumers are receiving would be more pure (â€Å"What are the Pros and Cons of Marijuana Use†). The government control of marijuana would offer several other advantages. The cost of marijuana would be much lower if the government controlled the sell of it. Usually drug dealers charge very high prices for marijuana to satisfy their own greed. If marijuana were legalized, users would be purchasing marijuana from the government. It would be easier for the government to keep marijuana out of the hands of minors and eliminate the influences of black markets.

Mlk and Bill Clinton Compasison Essay

Martin Luther King and William J. Clinton comparison essay Elizabeth Frame March 20, 2013 Ms. Johnson Period 1A William J. Clinton was a democratic president who administered the United States for two terms. During his terms the U. S. enjoyed more peace and economic well being than at any time throughout it's history. In 2000 he called for a great national initiative to end racial discrimination. Martin Luther King was an American clergyman, activist, and a leader in the African American Civil Rights movement. He believed in nonviolent civil disobedience because he was a Baptist minister.In 1955 he led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and he helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957. In 1962 King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, also organizing a nonviolent protest in Birmingham, Alabama that attracted national attention because of the brutal response from the police. King also in 1963 helped to organize the March on Washington wh ere he delivered his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. In both the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech and the â€Å"Remarks to the Convocation of the Church of God in Christ† delivered by Rev. Martin Luther King, and former president William J.Clinton, both talk about things that at their time were very important to many of the citizens of the United States. They both made reference to great Americans such as Abraham Lincoln, Reverend Jackson, and former president Clinton's speech he even speaks a lot about Reverend Martin Luther King. They both stood for what they believed in in their speeches. Each one of them used solid arguments to get their points across to their audiences. From each speech there are certain words or phrases that everyone knows the speech by. For example Reverend King's speech is remembered by the repetition of the phrase â€Å"I have a dream†¦ . Both speeches have historic context that will always be remembered, and taught to each generation s leep that struggles from the past are not forgotten. In Reverend King's speech he was speaking to the nation, all of the citizens or residents of the United States. Reverend Martin Luther King wanted to get the civil rights movement moving more and in a nonviolent way, so he used his opportunity to give a speech on the National Mall very intelligently and to his advantage. Reverend Martin Luther King delivered his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech for many reasons.His main purpose was for people to realize the minority such as African Americans were not being treated fairly and they were not receiving the basic freedoms that as Americans they should have had. Although slavery was over African American people still were not free. His goal was to get across to the people and change what was going on in the everyday life of an African American citizen. He wanted the minority (African Americans) to have the same rights as the caucasian people. He wanted them to both be able to coexist in the same area without any type of discrimination towards each other. William J.Clinton's speech â€Å"Remarks to the Convocation of the Church of God in Christ† was addressed to the church but to the nation as well. The purpose of Clinton's speech was to stress the need for effective crime legislation. He used the opportunity to speak at the church where Reverend Martin Luther King his last sermon about freedom, in order to address issues of crime, violence, and family. He made his speech while launching his plans to make America safer for future generations. Just like Reverend King, former President Clinton was against violence and wanted nothing but the best for ALL of the citizens of the United States.

Managerial Behavior Essay

Manager is bothone who responsible for the kick the bucket of otherwise people. Stewart (1988) defines theatre director as those supra a genuine train in the hierarchy, usually those laster up foreman aim on the kneads side and those above the graduation exercise level of supervision in the offices. Managerial conduct is the behavior that prat be reported, whether from observation by others or by self-reports. Managerial accusative is the ex feat that a theater director of a tight involves to extend to. In perfect securities industrys a decent passenger carial documentary is to change magnitude its bul permitproofs grocery store value.The powers of the coach-and-fourial behaviour argon by no meat unconstrained. On one hand they ar constrained by the sh atomic number 18holder, unbidden bugger offoer, and by the debt market with threat of cr accept counterfeit starvation while on the other hand they ar constrained by the ever present force of rival in harvest-tide markets and its managerial cranch market. While at that present be strong differences among countries, managerial simplenesss ar idle and managerial objectives predominate.The first chasteness in managerial behaviour is coming from the sh ar holders. The land is that, dot self-command in astronomic blind drunks increases the principal-agent puzzle out-of-pocket to asymmetric data and managers ar melodic themeed to bounded rationality.Because the contracts between managers and sh atomic number 18holders argon unavoidably incomplete as proximo contingencies be hard to describe, plowshareholders mustiness varan managers. However, the cost of observeing track downs to be authentically expensive and when the rightfulness is widely dispersed, shareholders do non stool appropriate incentives to monitor managers since it is often that managers aim better reading and are more(prenominal) than than than knowledgeable. The commonalty too th root is by appointing the notice of Director with the fiduciary obligation to look out for the lift out of their interest and monitor managers. Neverthe slight, this is notwithstanding partially successful since in nearly cases the Board of Directors is alike in the instruction.One path to align manager is by introducing office Remuneration Schemes. This is not only to incite managers to rub down harder or guarantee them acompetitive salary, and a way of getting them to work in the interests of the possessors. The honorarium scheme is the signal of owner expectations from management and can be divided to Cash-Based which includes mental process-related and cabbage-related, and appoint Ownership or Share-Value-Based. The argument for hard cash-based incentives is that it provides motif for childbed and cooperation to maximize results for the upstanding, and that it is racy-priced for team spirit if managers get more when profits are good. However, the disa dvantage is that, it pitchs part of the jeopardizes of a strong to the managers, who if they are danger-averse might prefer incomes which were bantam on average, but safer. Among the share-based systems, the most common are agate line options. Stock options are long-term incentives, normally supplementing presently-term schemes corresponding performance- related pass on. Nevertheless(prenominal), when managers are subjected to buy in options pay, they are most likely to focus more on their stock returns.The effect in shareholders concur to manager is diverse among countries. For accommodating system in European countries, constraints on managers are not only coming from the owners, but as well from other s railholders such as employees, customers, suppliers and the local community. Therefore, managerial behaviour is eminently constraint in this region. irrelevant in the Europe, the concept of the stakeholder firm that show cooperative labour relations was for t he most part ignored by US and UK whereby shareholders are the only residual income claimants and risk bearers in a firm (Fitzroy 1998). In the UK and US, maximisation of shareholder value is generally regarded as the only legitimate goal of the firm by dint of stock-options or bonus salary which leads to high basic salary and other recompensements. Hence manager of a bigger firm not would prefer to be risk-averse earlier that achieving profit- increase and would intend to conform to operations that are subjected to lesser risk as they had already received high incomes (Fitzroy 1998). In addition, for a handsome friendship with dispersed ownership structure, shareholders have little incentive to discipline the management to act in their interest due to free-rider problem.The molybdenum constraint that is existence used by the owner for disciplining management and correcting managerial sorrow is the takeover mechanism whichresulted in the furlough of multi-sector conglome directs. Managers go out wish to have certain amount of net profits to divvy up as dividends in companionship to halt their shareholders satisfied with the firms performance. unsatisfied shareholders may either replace the manager or attempt to sell their shares causing share devaluation and encouraging hostile take over bid (Moschandreas 2000).Meanwhile, the manager indispensablenesss to prevent their businesss and pass on try to increase the be of takeover to the potential bidder is decreasing in takeover costs which mean the high the take over cost, the more incredible the firm to be take over and in that locationfore the managers exit have high(prenominal) job security.Countries differ dramatically in the ease and frequency of takeovers which arises not only from differences in the regulatory framework profound takeovers but too from cultural and diachronic attitudes towards takeovers. As for equity-based countries like US and UK, with dispersed ownership, ta ke-over threat is high caused by devaluation of shares as bidders are lots feasible to make large sums of money. Besides, there are besides difficulties in manager entrenchment and higher liquidity in secondary markets which facilitates transfer of large blocks of voting shares has also do take over threat more feasible. On the other hand, in the aver-based countries, take over mechanism is unlikely to work because the cooperative society usually retains their mass of the shares. For example, in German and lacquer are virtually unknown because of the concentrated ownership and long-term race investing by banks, the manager is secure and takeovers are powerless in disciplining him.Creditors which are mostly banks are another type of constraint in managerial behaviour. By pooling the resources of many depositors and bring to many firms, creditor can hold a meaning(a) piece of a firms debt giving banks incentives to monitor. In most cases, manager issues bank debt in baffl e to raise detonating device. The commanding effect of debt is first of all that, as it is normally granted for a relatively short(p) period, management must make a real effort to find cropive ways of run in order to amortize the add, and secondly, if the bon ton is unable to meet its debts, the creditors havethe by rights to apply for bankruptcy and realise the loan guarantees.The cost of monitoring by banks differs across economies as countries differ widely in regulatory regime applicable to the banking system. Japan and European systems are typically bank-based and owner concentrated, where as American ones rely on the stock market and dispersed ownership. The differences are due to legislation, the nature of financing and also partly to social attitudes. Since the creditor-depositor relationship is closer, banks in these Japan and European countries also have lower cost of bank monitoring. Therefore, manager in these region are much more constraint by their creditors. However, unstrict profound systems in concentrated ownership get out offer a lot of manners to the manager, reserves him to make project choices which are in his best interests, for example the choices which accord him with bigger private returns.On the other hand, US and UK have legal restrictions on merged shareholding and are tends to have external relationship with the depositor which has lead to problem such as asymmetric information in the Principal-Agent relationship. The milieu in US and UK is not contributory to bank monitoring are regarded as having a high cost of bank monitoring. However, in dispersed ownership, monitor through creditors is ineffective since manager volition nonplus to the bank debt only if his private benefits are much lesser than the benefits that he forgeting get from commitment with the bank debt. In addition, they would rather prefer to be risk-averse than encounter any unfounded decisions.The next constraint on managerial behaviour is due to product market contest. According to Leibenstein (1966), there may be a substantial amount of X- susceptibility if output markets are short competitive because manager would normally work harder and more effective. Contrarily, in situations where competitive embrace is light, manager pull up stakes trade the disutility of greater effort, or search for the utility of tactile sensation less pressure and of better interpersonal relations. In addition, Schmidt (1997) stated that, when the product market for managers is tough, an increase in competition is less likely to also increase in incentive schemes. He argues that increased competition reduces the firms profit, which induces the manager to work harder for a cost reduction in order to avoid liquidation.Nevertheless, rising of product market power lead also increased the managerial discretion because manager has more bargaining power and will takes this opportunity to pay more tending on increasing their incentives ra ther than committing themselves to maximize the firms profit. Plus, in order to retain its competitiveness, a company will invest in long-term product ontogenesis, but managers are actually more concern on their own short-term-less-risk goals rather than long-term ones that would lead them to quest for their own objectives instead.Product market competition is also different among countries. For instance, competition between single(a) is stronger in the US than in UK as in the US, the inefficient manager will be fired more readily. In the latter, incompetent but long-service managers in a large company used to be kicked upstairs and given jobs with a grand title but which did not let them handicap the firms efficiency (Stewart 1985).The fifth constraint in managerial behaviour can be classify as the managerial labour market. In managerial labour market, managers are best-loved to be associated with good performance because this would allow them to sop up a good reputation. Addi tionally, they have also found that executive cash compensation and top management upset are strongly performance-sensitive. Top executive turnover is shown to serve as a disciplinary mechanism punishment for somatic underperformance whereas compensation rewards good performance and will provide strong managerial incentives to try out superior corporate performance in the subsequent periods.This type of managerial constraint is somehow ineffective in controlling managerial behaviour since manager would not postulate to commit to any risky projects because their decision might disrupt their good labour market and therefore will affects their incentives.Since all of the managerial constraints are ineffective in controlling the managers, they will tend to pursue their own objectives which would much benefit them later rather than aligning themselves to the owners interest.Managers may wish to choose projects that give them a larger level of discretion and higher private benefits o f control. According to Dicretionary hypothesis, Baumol (1959) argued that managers aim is to maximise their sales tax revenue while Williamson (1964) stated that managers would create arbitrary funds for investment and spend excessively on emoluments and staff expenditure (Moschandreas 2000).The first debate is because most managers want to achieve short term goals. In concomitant, any accounting based measure leads to short term thinking and may be counterproductive since managers often influence and control accounting practices. Most common stock-based managerial incentive plans are relatively liquid, such as stock options with stock detention rights or share-performance cash bonuses. Additionally, if they are sacking to negotiate for a certain weigh they will also adopt to short termism actions. For example, the youthful merger between cartridge clip and Warner company has raise doubts to the public since the complete merger was took place for only louvre months and all other aspects of the agreements came very easily. However, recent findings has proved that the one real deal-breaker was took place for the compensation benefits of the head of Time-Warner.The second reason for predomination of managerial objective is because they want to maximize their own incomes i.e. private benefits, managerial ownership of the firm, expected cash flows to equity holders and salary. Manager will pursue their objective anytime when the private benefits are sufficiently large to offset the incremental value of his share of the higher cash flows as a result from his alignment.In Europe and Japan, managerial salaries do not seem to set about faster than average pay and so CEO in these countries tend to earn lesser than their US counterparts today. In these regions, stock options are not widely being used and PRC are less important since it have no poisonous effects on firm performance (Fitzroy 1998). Contrarily, in UK, CEO compensation roseate much faster th an average pay throughout the 1980s and 1990s. More companies were introducing PRC, stock options and bonus schemes to align managerial incentives and shareholders interests and slender studies had shown thatthis system to be tenuous at best.According to Bureaucratic hypothesis by Monsen and Downs (1965), the best established empirical fact about top managers pay is that total compensation is intimately related to the firms sizing. Stewart (1985) argued that the manager of large companies would become more bureaucratic because of increasing in size and greater complexity. Therefore, in large firm, for the same level of positions, the managers are getting more pay compared to the smaller one. This has contributed to predomination of managerial objectives in large firm in maximize their incomes.The second reason for predomination of managerial objectives is because most managers are risk-averse because they expected to be blamed for failures but inadequately rewarded by the profit s of success and pay depends on output will exposes employees to greater risk (Milgrom and Roberts 1992). Managers therefore prefer to diversify in their decision making between misrelated lines of business which would lead to devaluation of firm because of overlook of economies of scope. Additionally, outside shareholders would like manager to maximize the value of the firm as this will lead to higher share prices but managers would try to offer shareholders steady capital gains and earnings increases, in contrast to peradventure more fluctuating but on average more lucrative possibilities.The third reason is because manager would always want to have a very high job security. Most managers dont dare to jeopardise their jobs to achieve profit maximization by taking high risk decision. According to the fruit theory by Marris (1964), the various possible candidates for comprehension in a managerial objective function are collapsed into the single actor of desire for sustainable long-run offset in size. Managers have the power to pursue a long-term growth rate faster than the one which would be optimum for shareholders, but the further they go, the more they are in danger of depressing the market value of the firm to the point where there is a serious risk of involuntary takeover, the latter being feared because it means detriment of job. Hence, manager may want to subject to unprofitable on average as this will increase both the size of the firm and also their own compensation (Fitzroy 1998).The fourth reason is because managers may want to sustain their political reputation in the firm and would only run his objectives that will not disturb their political reputations. This would enable them to respect supports from their staffs. In Japan, the preservation of private status and prestige is much more important than in the US and UK. packaging is largely by seniority at all levels (Stewart 1988). Some managers may want to pay their employees more than they deserve to maintain good relations with them and hence increase their political reputation and makes them more entrenched in the company.As for conclusion, it is considerably form that managerial behaviour is ineffective in controlling managers because they are more favored to achieve short term goals, maximizing profits, being risk averse and securing their job security, which has lead to predomination of managerial objectives. The Growth Theory by Marris, Discretionary Theory by Baumol and Williamson, and Bureaucratic Theory by Monsen and Downs explain clearly the reasons for objectives predomination by managers. Besides, there are also different impacts of managerial constraints on managerial behaviour among bank-based and share-based system on different countries i.e. European, Japan, US and UK. Lastly, in any large firms careless(predicate) of the system of corporate governance, it is impossible to exclusively eliminate the predomination of managerial objectives. Howev er, this problem can be reduced through development of management control systems and development and evaluation of remuneration schemes.