Financial Accounting Concepts: Pepsico, Inc. and the Coca Cola Company

Financial Analysis Randall Meeks Financial Accounting Concepts Mr. Carraher 9-12-2010 PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company have both been in production for ages. Both PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company have become common house hold names through out the world today. Pepsi is one of the best selling products in American history. â€Å"Pepsi is the number 2 soft drink company producer, the world over. Pepsi’s number one priority is making sure that their shareholders investments are profitable. Pepsi has been able to achieve this goal for the most part via increased sales, keeping cost low, and spending money wisely.Pepsi takes pride in the name, they have built an excellent brand by deliver a product that is satisfying to the consumer, as well as safe. The investors in the company also can be happy with the return of investment†(investorguide. com). â€Å"The Coca Cola Company is likely, one of the most significant brands in American history. Coke can go in a ca tegory with a company like McDonalds when it comes to brand value, these two trademarks are 2 of the most recognized in the world. Coke is the highest seller of soft drinks, moving 1. 3 billion beverages that are served daily†(investorguide. com).Pepsi and Coke have been mass producing soft-drinks on an assembly line for a very long time and they both have been competing for the number one soft drink seller spot. PepsiCo, Inc and The Coca Cola Company targets all income segments of customers in the entire world as their products are high quality and very recognizable. Coke and Pepsi offer products so similar that you probably could not tell the difference in a blindfolded taste test. It is a well known fact that when a business goes outside of the United States borders, that production and supply channel become very important concerns.Both Coke and Pepsi own plants that manufacturer their products all over the world in many different countries and continents.. Both companies c ompete with each other and try to make sure they stay relevant. They also tend to copy each other and try to outdo one another on a day to day basis. I will go in detail to explain the financial comparison and contrasting between both companies. I will also explain the vertical and horizontal comparison between the two companies. The main point I will make is to show the difference between both companies financially. Vertical AnalysisConsolidated Income Statement The cost of goods of PepsiCo Inc was $11,031 and $12,314 in 2004 and 2005. The price of product sold in 2004 was 38% of net sales and in 2005, it was 37. 82% of net sale. The price of goods sold went down in 2005. The cost of commodities was $7,674 and $8,195 in 2004 and 2005 for Coke. It was 35% and 35. 47% of net sales in 2004 and 2005. Cost of commodities sold increased for The Coca Cola Company and decreased for PepsiCo, Inc. The operating expense for PepsiCo, Inc was 43% and 43. 54% of net sales in 2004 and 2005. The o perating expenses for Coca Cola were 36% and 37. 2% of net sales in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc and The Coca Cola Companies operating expense increased in 2005. The earning before T&I of PepsiCo Inc was 18% and 18. 19% of sales in 2004 and 2005.The operating income for The Coca Cola Company was 26% and 26. 34% in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc and The Coca Cola Companies operating income increased. The net income for PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company for 2005 was 21. 09% and 12. 52% The Coca Cola Companies net income ratios was higher than PepsiCo, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheet The current and total assets for PepsiCo, Inc were 31% and 32. 5% in 2004 and 2005. On the opposite side, the total current assets were 39% and 34. 83% in 2004 and 2005. The liquidity position for PepsiCo, Inc. decreased in 2005 and The Coca Cola Company increased in 2005. The additional assets and fixed assets for PepsiCo Inc, were 69% and 67. 05% in 2004 and 2005. The Coca Cola Companies fixed assets w ere 61% and 65. 17% in 2004 and 2005. The current liabilities for PepsiCo, Inc were $6,752 and $9,406 in 2004 and 2005. The total assets were 24% and 29. 65%. The current liabilities for The Coca Cola Company were $11,133 and $9. 836 in 2004 and 2005.The total assets were 35% and 33. 43%. The current liabilities for PepsiCo, Inc increased while the current liabilities for The Coca Cola Company decreased in 2005. The total liabilities for both companies in 2005 were 55. 08% and 44. 42% of total assets in 2005†¦ The equity for PepsiCo, Inc. was 48% assets in 2004 and 44. 92% assets in 2005. In 2005 PepsiCo, Inc. share holder’s holdings reduced. The equity shares were 55. 58% of assets in 2005 for The Coca Cola Company while in 2004, there were only 51% equity shares. The Coca Cola Companies equity shares were more in relative value as compared to PepsiCo.Horizontal Analysis Consolidated Income Statements The total revenue for PepsiCo, Inc in 2005 and 2004 were $32,562 and $29,261. PepsiCo, Inc had a considerable amount of net revenue in 2005 compared to 2004. The base year of analysis is 2004. The net revenue for PepsiCo, Inc. was 111. 11% in 2005. The total revenue for The Coca Cola Company in 2005 and 2004 were $23,104 and $21,742. Both 2005 and 2004’s revenues were less than PepsiCo, Inc. The net revenue of the company in 2005 was 106. 26% over 2004. The net revenue for 2005 was 6. 26% while 2004 was less.The growth rate of revenue for The Coca Cola Company is less than PepsiCo, Inc. The growth rate of revenue for both PepsiCo and Coca Cola was 11. 11% and 6. 26%. The cost of commodities sold for PepsiCo, Inc was $11,031 and $12,314 in 2004 and 2005. The price of goods sold went up as sales went up. The price of goods sold was 111. 63% compared to 2004's. The cost of commodities sold for The Coca Cola Company was $7,674 and $ 8,195. The cost of commodities sold increased for The Coca Cola Company in 2005 than in 2004. In general and adminis tration expenses of PepsiCo, Inc were $12,674 and $14,176.The operating expenses was 111. 85% in 2005 and 11. 85% more than 2004's. The total operating expenses for The Coca Cola Company was 110. 75% and 10. 75% in comparison to 2004's. PepsiCo, Inc had higher operating expenses than The Coca Cola Company. The operating income for PepsiCo, Inc was $5,259 and $5,922 in 2004 and 2005. The Coca Cola Companies total operating income was $5,698 and $6,085 in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc. total operating income was 112. 61% over earlier years. The Coca Cola Companies total operating income was 106. 79% over earlier years.The Coca Cola Companies interest expenses for 2005 were $240 and for PepsiCo, Inc $256. PepsiCo, Inc. interest expenses were more than The Coca Cola Companies. PepsiCo, Inc. net income was $4,078 and $4,212 in 2005 and 2004, PepsiCo, Inc sustained losses in 2005 compared to 2004. The net income for The Coca Cola Company was $4,847 and $4,872 in 2005 and 2004. The Coca Cola Company earned more in 2005 than 2004. Consolidated Balance Sheet The total current assets of PepsiCo, Inc. were $8,639 and $10,454 in 2004 and 2005. The total current assets of PepsiCo, Inc. were 121. 1% prior year’s current assets. PepsiCo, Inc. current assets increased in 2005. The total current assets for The Coca Cola Company were $10,250 and $12,281 in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc. current assets were 21. 01% more than prior year’s and The Coca Cola Company were 16. 57% less than previous year's assets. Further more the quick assets of PepsiCo, Inc were more than The Coca Cola Companies quick assets. It shows that PepsiCo, Inc liquidity was more than The Coca Cola Company. PepsiCo, Inc total assets were $27,987 and $31,727 in 2004 and 2005. PepsiCo, Inc. total assets increased by 13. 6%. The Coca Cola Companies total assets were $31,441 and $29,427. The Coca Cola Company decreased by 6. 41%. It shows that PepsiCo, Inc. increased in 2005 more than The Coca Cola Co mpany. PepsiCo, Inc. current liabilities were $6,752 and $9,406 in 2004 and 2005. The total current liabilities of company were 139. 31% over prior year's liabilities. The current liabilities of Coca Cola were $11,133 and $9,836 in 2004 and 2005. The current liabilities were 88. 35% of previous year's liabilities. The Coca Cola Companies current assets and current liabilities decrease in 2005.The total liabilities of PepsiCo, Inc were $14,464 and $17,476 in 2004 and 2005. The total liabilities in 2005 were 120. 82% prior years. The Coca Cola Companies total liabilities were $15,506 and $13,072 in 2004 and 2005. The Coca Cola Companies assets and liabilities decreased in 2005. In 2005 PepsiCo, Inc. share holder’s equity were $20,638 and The Coca Cola Company $16,355. The share holder’s equity increased in both PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company. PepsiCo Inc. equity increased by11. 90% and The Coca Cola Company 2. 64%. Ultimately after reviewing and analyzing PepsiC o, Inc. nd The Coca Cola Company I have came to the conclusion that the net profit of PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company decreased in 2005 and in 2004 there was a profit. The operating expenses of PepsiCo, Inc. and The Coca Cola Company improved quite a bit in 2005. I believe both companies should reduce their operating expense. The interest expenses were also high in 2005. I believe all expenses for interest on a loan made to a corporation or other entities or finances from equity shares should be kept at a minimum. The main purpose of this paper is to explain the financial comparison between The Coca Cola Company and PepsiCo, Inc.Further more I explained vertical and horizontal analyses for the years of 2005 and 2004 for The Coca Cola Company and PepsiCo, Inc. The main idea was to show how both companies are financially different from each other. References Coca Cola Company (2010). Coca Cola Company. Retrieved September 8, 2010. From www. coca-cola. com PepsiCo Inc. (2010). PepsiCo Inc. Retrieved September 9. From www. pepsico. com Investorguide (2010). PepsiCo, Inc. Retrieved September 8, 2010. From investorguide. com Investor Guide (2010). The Coca Cola Company. Retrieved September 8, 2010. From investorguide. com

Chapters 11-16 of the novel Essay

Frankenstein is a novel written by Mary Shelley in the late 17th century which depicts a story about a scientist in Geneva who becomes obsessed with creating life. In his journey he comes across some notes of a professor in which specific notions on creating a living creature are contained. With these notes and his wild imagination Frankenstein puts together parts of corpses and revolutionises science by successfully creating a living creature. However, all is not merry, as Frankenstein realises his creation is disparate to human beings but that he has transformed what was once a dead corpse into a wretched monster. After abandoning his creation and later trying to kill it so as to cover up his unworthy work, Frankenstein effectively drives the monster out of his lab to fend for himself. At the end of Chapter 10 the reader is given Frankenstein’s view of his creation; he says ‘breathless horror and disgust filled my heart’ at this very point we begin to see Frankenstein’s dream to create life disappear and the reader is left feeling as horrified and disgusted as Frankenstein, towards the monster. Frankenstein continues his horrid reaction by stating ‘a thing such as Dante could not have conceived’ this phrase puts to light the actual horror of the monster because Frankenstein states that even Dante, a fantasist of evil, was not able to come up with such a creation. In Chapters 11 to 16 of the novel we see the epic voyage through the eyes of the monster as Shelley adopts the persona of the monster. Shelly’s portrayal of the monster in this distinguished technique helps us to better understand what the monster thinks and how his emotions change as he becomes more conscious of himself and his surroundings. Our feelings towards the monster change significantly and we begin to see a very different and unexpected side of him. The monster begins by telling us about his first memory of himself; he says that ‘a strange multiplicity of sensations seized me, and I saw, felt, heard and smelt at the same time’ this portrays the monster as a new born baby learning about the simple senses that all humans use. As the monster introduces us to his first day in the woods he says that ‘I felt tormented by hunger and thirst’ this illustrates the monster as a normal person who has to feed himself to live. Also the monster tells us ‘feeling pain invade me on all sides, I sat down and wept’ here we are able to distinctively see that the monster is no more different than a small child as both cry when they seem to find no remedy for their pain. Also we are introduced to the feelings of the monster which come to play a very important role in his later life. As we become more learned about the monsters feelings and actions we are presented by the more intellectual and able side. He begins by telling as that he is able to distinguish between insects and herbs and continues to show how rapidly he is able to learn by differentiating one herb from another. This shows the immense intellect of the monster and also makes the reader more attached since there becomes a similarity between the monster and humans. The monster tells us that he ‘began also to observe, with greater accuracy, the forms that surrounded me’ this shows that the monster is able to process his sight with major accuracy and is able to learn about his surroundings easily. He continues to say ‘my mind received every day additional ideas’ now we are able to understand that the monster has the ability of thought and has an imagination, the one attribute that differentiates humans from all other creatures. As we continue we see that the monster is able to learn physically from its mistakes, ‘I thrust my hand into the live embers, but quickly drew it out again with a cry of pain’ this once again represents the human like intellect of the monster being able to assess mistakes so as not to repeat it again. Furthermore, the monster inhabits the nature of cooking as he experiments with his newly found fire, he begins to see that the ‘berries were spoiled from this operation, and the nuts and roots much improved’. The actual mental intellectual ability of the monster is portrayed by Shelley as the monster inhabits in the cottage of the De Lacey’s. Here the monster is educated to the language of his fellow inhabitants who he reluctantly segregates himself due to being in doubt of acceptance from them. The monster begins his quest to understand the language of his company by observing their sound and actions. He says ‘I found that these people possessed a method of communicating their experience and feelings to one another by articulate sounds. ‘ However we are also presented with the less able understanding of the monster as he struggles to understand the words connected with feeling such as ‘good’, ‘dearest’ and ‘unhappy’. This once again clearly exposes the monster with human like intelligence since it needs to be able to experience feelings to be able to understand it. We are introduced to a new member of the family, an Arabian, who is unable to speak the language and thus is taught by her companions and at the same time the monster is able to educate himself as he eavesdrops between the holes in the walls separating his feeble habitation from the family’s cottage. The monster learns all his facts and details of humans and logic by listening to the various texts and conversations of the De Lacey family. He says ‘I obtained a cursory knowledge of history†¦ it gave me an insight to the different manners, governments and religions of the different nations of the earth’. Shelley portrays the monsters thoughts and feelings at this new acquired knowledge in a very intense way. The monster begins to question the very being that he is ‘what was I? †¦ I was, besides, endued with a figure hideously deformed and loathsome’. Here we begin to see that the monster becomes evident of his deformity. From the beginning of the monsters tale to the very end we are introduced to the lonely figure and outcast to society that the monster exists as. The first evidence of the social disregard comes from Frankenstein himself, after he realises that he has created nothing but a monster, he abandons his creation and kicks him out of the lab. From then on the monster is faced with negligence from every human who he unfortunately appears in front of. The monster is very adamant at questioning himself to the reality to his being. He says ‘And what was I? Of my creation and creator I was absolutely ignorant’, here we begin to realise that the monster begins to get upset about his lonely being. This interrogation that the monster puts to him leads him to become upset and we see his emotions beginning to cloud his judgement. ‘Was I then a monster, a blot upon the earth, from which all man fled, and whom all men disowned? ‘ the monster is able to understand his position in the human society here, as he examines the actual creature that he is presented as to humans.

Religion and Family in France Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religion and Family in France - Research Proposal Example The religious background of France has been prominent throughout the Europe and the world and it is a nation which has contributed the world some of the fundamental principles of secularism and religion including the ‘freedom of religion’. A profound analysis of the family structure in France confirms that several social, religious and cultural elements as well as movements have influenced the progress of its culture. The traditional family structure of the French culture, an extended family structure, continued for a long time due, mainly, to the values of the Catholic Church and the rural communities. The French Revolution created a potent space for questioning the customs, laws, emotions, power relations, and gender assumptions that informed family life and it radically redefined the family, its internal dynamics, and its relationship to the state. There has been a vital shift from the traditional family structure to the modern family structure in the French society a nd culture.

The Importance of Mentorships for Career Advancement Essay

The Importance of Mentorships for Career Advancement - Essay Example A positively-framed gender bias is that women cannot be managers because they are also homemakers, which means that they cannot provide the needed time and dedication to demanding management work (Foster). These biases are serious issues because they can become sources of gender/sex discrimination that will impede women’s potential for promotion and professional development. Two problems with lack of mentoring are non-promotion and poor social networks, both of which can be important in promotion decisions and individual professional development. Many executives are still men, so they have accumulated crucial knowledge and skills in doing their jobs. They are essential mentors to women who aspire to reach their positions someday. If these male executives do not want to mentor young women, they are denying the latter the chance to be groomed for executive positions, thereby contributing to gender discrimination and gender wage gap. In addition, male executives already have professional and non-professional social networks that may directly or indirectly contribute to the professional development and promotion of subordinates. Women who do not have access to male mentorship may lose access to these networks too, which can be essential in the politics of promotion and processes of individual professional development. Hence, male executives should not have biases against mentoring young women, in order to prevent gender discrimination and to increase women’s number in their ranks. "Despite the increasing participation of women in advanced education and managerial and professional ranks, they are still under-represented at the top levels of management and in expatriate assignments".   Why do you believe this is the case?   Please explain.

1. Building Shared Values, 2. Values in Organisations Assignment

1. Building Shared Values, 2. Values in Organisations - Assignment Example Every organizational leader must be responsible in ensuring that an organization achieves its value within a dynamic environment in a timely manner that is beneficial to both the society and the company itself (Fleisher& Blenkhorn, 2003). Therefore, several strategies have been designed to match the values with the organizational requirements towards the realization of better returns. The main strategies are as follows Integration is the first step in building share value to the organization. It entails addressing the concern about the need for value based organization, the expected benefits and what is required of the organizational leaders to build up such values (Fleisher& Blenkhorn, 2003). According to the concept of integration, organizational values should commence on changing the society into the organizational concepts for a clear transition of both material and freedom values. As a human resource manager, one should consider incorporating organizational culture and values through the transition system because it helps in reinforcing the security customs (Viinamà ¤ki, 2012). The above stage calls for a critical understanding of the organizational culture as an important source of the organizational ethics thus the need to endorse good morals into the organizational. Since culture and values are distinct concepts, human resource manager is, therefore, responsible for modeling the behavior of the members through provision of policies and practices that reinforces trust towards the organizational success. The above strategy requires leaders to demonstrate values and morals as part of the organizational commitment (Viinamà ¤ki, 2012, Shockley et al. 2010)). Majority of the organizational leaders’ tend to view the value rhetorically and with very minimal factual consideration. With respect to the above, leaders should

Body Modifications in the Modern Western Society Essay

Body Modifications in the Modern Western Society - Essay Example It is imperative that considerations with regards to the ideals and beliefs be taken in order to understand as to why not just primitive cultures but modern society in general fully accepts body piercing and modification as a part of the norm. Body piercings and modifications are components of a long history of cultures that are usually rooted in shamanic and other healing practices (Favazza 2). In the past, and even in the present, blood has been a symbol of life, and thus most cultures would be putting emphasis on the importance of life and living by holding sacrifices, blood-letting, scarifications and tattoos to tribal members, whether it is part of a rite of passage or as prayer for healing, among others. The transformation of the body can be also seen as a part of a tribe’s culture, of either as a status symbol or as the ideal picture of being presentable (â€Å"Cultural Customs†). The price of attaining beauty with regards to the perspectives of some particular t ribes is by altering the normal appearance of the body into what is considered beautiful. As compared to the modern societies today, this is not something new, since there are many people who also modify their bodies by adding piercings, tattoos, even scars to promote their own identities. However, it is not a cultural thing, but a matter of choice, as is also other modifications such as body implants, body building, and other dietary alterations (Featherstone 1). Body modification is defined as practices that aim to change the natural appearance of the body in any form or means (Featherstone 1). Among such practices would be tattooing of skin, body piercings, the addition of implants in the body as well as the other dietary and exercise regimen such as fasting and body-building. In some primitive cultures, altering the body to some extent is regarded as either a rite of passage or as a beautification ritual. The addition of tattoos and other forms of scarification gives the younger boys their passport to adulthood. In a tribe in Papua New Guinea, the cutting of skin and making it seem like a crocodile’s is not just for beautification, but as a part of the transformation of boys into adults, and by entering such a ritual is their recognition of being mature in the eyes of the whole village (â€Å"Cultural Customs†). The Suri tribe in Africa cut their lips and insert a clay pot in it, and according to their customs, the larger th e plate, the more one woman is desirable to other men, and she might even get a lot of cattle as dowry for marriage (â€Å"Cultural Customs†). In Indonesia, chiseling the teeth into fine points is considered to be another form of adornment, and women who get their teeth chiseled are seen as having a higher status than those who don normal-looking teeth (â€Å"Cultural Customs†). In a westerner’s perspective this seems to be cruel, it must also be remembered that modifications of the body such as breast implants and rhinoplasty are also done my many women in order to become much more attractive to males. Also, for some people the addition of implants is a way of hastening the process of evolution. Performance artists such as Orlan and Stelarc modify their bodies through implants such as horns, and by altering their bodies they convey the message of critiquing the notion and concept of beauty (Featherstone 9). For most

Engaging Communication Technologies of the 1950s Assignment - 2

Engaging Communication Technologies of the 1950s - Assignment Example The history of Communication Technology counts back to the revolution era, when scholars and scientist discovered the utilization of various materials and minerals. They started engaging these materials to develop communication media, which then peaked in the 1950s. In the 1950s, communication technology made several notable communication establishments, which revolved the way of communication in many industries, ages, races and government work. The industry brought with it several positive developments as well as negative influences on the diverse areas of application by its users. Among the developments established by the 1950s in communication technology is the establishment of the first telephone communication, which came into play in late 1876 (Solway 27). Thereafter, as the 1900s came, technology continued to evolve bringing with it several discoveries. These discoveries include the making of first transcontinental phone call in 1915, and establishment of the first Air-to-Ground and Ground-to-Air Radio Communication. These developments created the basis for the more discoveries in the industry, making communication a key sector of interest to many stakeholders and governments. It is between the 1920s and 1950s that communication sector re volution then was at peak, with several developments coming into the action, and communication getting easy and comprehendible. The highlights made in communication technology at the period from 1900s to 1950s affected the use of communication technology in the 1950s remarkably. For instance, for the people who worked in the offices, both private and government sectors, several communication technologies affected their work and daily schedule. The communication within the office premises for the professionals entailed the use of several communication media (Krummenacher & Robert 67). The office manager needed to communicate with customers, clients and employees.

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility Research Paper - 2

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility - Research Paper Example When the standard of care has been breached by medical practitioners and damage can be proven as a result, patients can take appropriate legal action (Johnson, 2010). Duty of care guarantees compliance to established Federal statutes. Secondary stakeholders, internally, are the physicians and nurses accountable for ensuring compliant medical procedures and patient oversight. Dr. DoRight must work with these staff members daily ensuring adequate supervision of their activities. Concurrently, this stakeholder group maintains certain protections under employment law that mandate the extent to which Dr. DoRight can intervene and establish disciplinary procedures. A third stakeholder group is the governance board charged with overseeing hospital operations and strategic developments. The Executive Committee and Regional Compliance Manager have responsibilities for ensuring compliance to established legalities in the medical field. In tandem, the governance stakeholders must ensure alignme nt of operational activities with established hospital regulations developed internally. Conflicts of Interest with Stakeholders The first conflict of interest requiring analysis is the relationship between Dr. DoRight and the governance board members. The governance system maintains responsibility for ensuring the publicized integrity and reputation of the hospital, which is a fundamental form of corporate protectionism. Dr. DoRight’s allegations (and they are only currently allegations) of staff misconduct poses future, potential reputation problems for the hospital if investigation determines that several years have passed without taking appropriate action for criminal misconduct by nurses and physicians. The governance board and Dr. DoRight also maintain responsibility for ensuring duty of care for patients, thrusting them all into a significant conflict of interest for protecting both the hospital public image and also ensuring patient standards of care. Additionally, th e many corporations and community organizations that conduct business with the hospital pose another conflict of interest for Dr. DoRight. Dr. DoRight has received numerous accolades for excellence in executive function, including the Medical Business Executive of the Year award in 2011. Dr. DoRight must determine whether to spare his reputation that has been gleaned through years of community and corporate trust-building whilst also maintaining responsibility to expose legal non-compliance that jeopardizes patient safety and security. Dr. DoRight likely asks himself whether self-protectionism or community/corporate stakeholder needs should be considered the most primary objective when considering what he believes is occurring in the organization. Has Dr. DoRight Fulfilled His Ethical Obligations? Dr. DoRight has not fully fulfilled his ethical obligations in this case. He certainly took the appropriate steps by informing his superiors (those with power to investigate and punish the se acts) which does speak toward his maintaining some form of ethical foundation and ethical value system. However, tort law can also provide potential consequences that give him personal

Health Illness and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Illness and society - Essay Example or theories on health are not limited to illnesses and symptoms but as to how people interpret and respond to symptoms as well (Hughner and Kleine 2004, p. 1688). For instance, Hughner and Kleine (2004, p. 1869) pointed out that a person who sees the role of a physician as someone who would fix his or her body would behave in a different way compared to a person who sees himself or herself as somebody who can control his or her own health. A person who sees pills as a magic substance that will cure his or her health will progress differently from a person who sees medicines as only one aspect of a comprehensive approach to health (Hughner and Kleine 2004, p. 1869). Blaxter pointed out in 2000 that the poorest sectors of society can attribute illnesses to purely behavioural causes or that the causes of ill health are beyond their control (Hodgins et al. 2006, p. 1986). Illnesses are always attributed to poverty and the idea that one can be socially unfortunate yet very healthy is inte nsely resisted (Hodgins et al. 2006, 1986). Hodgins et al. (2006, p. 1984) reported that a prevailing belief among Travellers, an ethnic minority in Ireland, is that a woman has to be very sick before seeing a doctor. The Travellers believe that the mother must be the one who must get well last from any illness and that the mother must take care of the family because husbands can leave the family but not the wife or the mother (Hodgins et al. 2004, p. 1983). Travellers also believe that smoking is not contraindicated for heart ailments but is even a way of relaxation (Hodgins et al. 2007). Norby (2008, p. 357) pointed out, â€Å"Patients tend to think they are entitled to understand lay health terms like ‘sickness’ and ‘illness’ in ways that do not necessarily correspond to health professionals’ understanding.† Further, Norby (2008, p. 357) argued that it is â€Å"easier for doctors to create a communicative platform of shared concepts by using and explaining special medical

Innovative Management Practices and Positive and Negative Tradeoffs of Essay

Innovative Management Practices and Positive and Negative Tradeoffs of Toyota Company - Essay Example Even the most minor of hiccups have been caught and analyzed in a proper way so that no ambiguities shall remain uncaught within the automobile industry as far as manufacturing state of the art vehicles is concerned. The emphasis has been on quality at all levels which indeed speaks much for the automobile industry in general and the operations that are being handled at each and every rank in meticulous. The positive tradeoffs with outsourcing production function to supplier organizations come about in the wake of lowered cost issues which would have been higher had the same been done at the manufacturer’s end. This becomes a huge aspect that comes under consideration whenever there is a discussion on the price tangent that is involved overall. Further, this seems to be one of the stronger positives that comes out of the related equations mainly because outsourcing has come out as a trend in the modern world that has brought about a lot of incentives (Klepper, 2004). The negative tradeoffs with outsourcing production function to supplier organizations happen when there is less control for the parent automobile manufacturer and his exertion becomes minimal or even negligible within the localized market domains. This poses a significant problem which when seen from a strategic perspective can leave a lasting impact on the entire automobile industry. The innovative management practices at Toyota have ensured that the faulty automobiles were never delivered to its esteemed customers. This was one guarantee that came about in the wake of the highly efficient management regimes which were in place and still remain strong within it. The relationship between Toyota and its customers is just too strong to manifest these kinds of gross mistakes.

Robert W. Sweet Essay Example for Free

Robert W. Sweet Essay To ponder the legal and judicial problems that arise from the drug war we turned to Robert Sweet, a District Judge in New York City. He has served as an Assistant U. S. Attorney and as Deputy Mayor of New York City under John Lindsay. He is a graduate of Yale and of Yale Law School. WHY does a sitting judge, constitutionally charged with enforcing the laws of the United States, seek the abolition of the criminal penalties attached to drug use and distribution? The answer in my case stems from personal experience, leading to the conviction that our present policy debases the rule of law and that its fundamental premise is flawed. In college in the Forties, while experimenting with the drug of choice alcohol I cheerfully sang the lyrics of Cocaine Bill and Morphine Sue, without any understanding of the reality behind the words. As an Assistant United States Attorney in the Fifties, I accepted the enforcement of the drug laws without question. In the Sixties, as Deputy Mayor of the City of New York, I supported methadone and various modalities of treatment and rehabilitation. After becoming a federal trial judge in 1978, I presided over drug trials and sought to impose just sentences ranging from probation to twenty years. Then Congress enacted mandatory minimum sentences, and judicial discretion was radically restricted. The day in the fall of 1988 that I was mandated to sentence Luis Quinones, an 18-year-old with no prior record, to ten years of real time because he was a bouncer in an apartment where drugs were being sold, I faced our national drug policy and the need to re-examine it. Assisted by the writings of Professor Ethan Nadelmann I concluded that our present policy of criminal prohibition was a monumental error. A number of other judges have reached the same conclusion. Judge Weinstein has characterized our present policy as utter futility, and Judge Knapp has likened it to taking minnows out of the pond. As Chief McNamara writes, the realities of criminal prohibition are becoming recognized. The first and foremost effect is the creation of a pervasive and unbelievably powerful underground economy. The Economist estimates that the markup on cocaine and heroin is not 5,000 per cent, as Messrs. Buckley and Duke suggest, but 20,000 per cent. The drug market in the United States is estimated at $150 billion a year. At least one group of distributors in a case before me sold 37,500 kilos of cocaine a month for gross sales of almost $20 million a month, and this group was but one of a number operating here. While this economic engine drives forward, so have our efforts to punish those who operate it. Today we have the highest incarceration rate for any Western nation, almost 1 million [There are higher estimates. ED. ] In jails or prisons at a cost of $20 billion a year. Federal drug cases have trebled in ten years, up 25 per cent in 1993 alone, with marijuana cases up 17 per cent. The total federal expenditure on the drug war this year under the proposed budget will exceed $17 billion. Ten years ago the annual expenditure on the drug war was $5 billion for all governments, federal, state, and local. While our expenditures have increased tenfold, the number of Americans using drugs has remained relatively constant at 40 million. Steady users are estimated to be 6 million, with 1 to 2 million of those seriously disordered. Our present prohibition policy has failed, flatly and without serious question. Secondly, the rule of law has been debased by the use of criminal sanctions to alter personal conduct. Of course, the same effort was made in the Twenties and Thirties with respect to alcohol, with the same results. Al Capone and Nicky Barnes are interchangeable. Drive-by shootings, turf wars, mugging, and random violence are all the direct result of criminal prohibition. Courts are clogged with drug cases to such an extent that in some jurisdictions (the Eastern District of New York and the Southern District of Florida, for example) it is difficult to find the resources to try civil cases; yet, the street-corner availability of drugs is known to every citizen. The rights of the individual have been curtailed in the name of the War on Drugs. We have seen the elimination of an accuseds right to pretrial release for most charges under the drug laws; heightened restrictions on post-conviction bail; and invasions into the attorney client relationship through criminal forfeiture. The criteria for securing a search warrant have been relaxed. In drug cases, the Supreme Court has permitted the issuance of search warrants based on anonymous tips and tips from informants known to be corrupt and unreliable; permitted warrantless searches of fields, barns, and private property near a residence; and upheld evidence obtained under defective search warrants if the officers executing the warrant acted in good faith. Taken together, these holdings have been characterized as the drug exception to the Fourth Amendment. Police corruption and the unwholesome practice of using confidential informants (one of whom made over $100,000 in a case before me) have been noted by Chief McNamara. Finally, the fundamental flaw, which will ultimately destroy this prohibition as it did the last one, is that criminal sanctions cannot, and should not attempt to, prohibit personal conduct which does no harm to others. Personal liberty surely must extend to what, when, and how much a citizen can ingest. The Framers of our Constitution explicitly acknowledged that the individual possesses certain rights not enumerated in the text of the Constitution and not contingent upon the relationship between the individual and the Federal Government. When a right has been narrowly defined as, for example, the right to possess marijuana or cocaine, the courts have refused to recognize it as one that is fundamental in nature. However, when the right to ingest substances is considered in more general terms as the right to self-determination, that right has a constitutional foundation as yet undeclared. To overturn the present policy will not be easy, given the established bureaucracy, but President Kennedy at the Berlin Wall was correct: Change is the law of life. We must recognize that drug use is first and foremost a health problem, and that, as Professor Nadelmann has established, mind-altering substances are a part of modern life to be understood and their effects ameliorated, rather than grounds for prosecution. Alcohol and tobacco have a social cost when abused, and society has properly concluded that abuse of these drugs is a health problem, not a criminal issue. Indeed, our experience with the reduction of 50 per cent in the use of tobacco the most addicting of drugs, which results in 400,000 deaths a year confirms the wisdom of that policy. To distinguish between these substances and heroin or cocaine is mere tautology. While the medicalization of the issue is going forward, Congress should accept the recommendations of President Nixons commission on the drug laws and of the National Academy of Sciences in 1982 and end the criminalization of marijuana, which is now widely acknowledged to be without deleterious effect. That reform alone would take 450,000 arrests out of the system. The latest crime bill proposed a study of violence and crime encompassing drug policy but failed to fund it. The Surgeon General proposed such a study and got fired. Such a study, if fairly conducted, would compel the abolition of criminal prohibition of drugs by the Federal Government, permitting all drugs to be treated much the same as alcohol: restricted by the individual states as to time and place of sale, barred from minors, subject to truth in advertising, and made the source of tax revenue. As with alcohol, those who harm or pose a threat to others while under the influence of drugs would face criminal sanctions. The effect of the underworld drug economy, the debasement of the rule of law, and the undermining of fundamental fairness and individual rights under the war on drugs all combine to require that the criminal prohibition against drug use and distribution be ended.

Causes of Obesity and Strategies for Obesity Prevention

Causes of Obesity and Strategies for Obesity Prevention Introduction Nutrition and health are closely intertwined. Childrens growth as well as the adults as it is being said what you it is what you become and what you will be, you will be the product of what you are eating, as we all know composition of healthy body means strong physique, mentally, emotionally, as well as spiritually healthy. A good nutrition is the most basis of good health, eating the right amount of nutritious food helps our body to be healthier, There are some factors that could lead to obesity, The lack of practice sport regularly for children and their tendency to sit either because of laziness or a lack of encouragement and guidance by their parents to practice physical activities may result in healthy children is suffering from obesity and excessive. Eating habits of the child as well as the quality of the food covered by a role in the occurrence of obesity. For example the child to eat more than necessary amounts of foods with high calories instead of eating healthy foods, or eat without the child to starve or eat while watching TV or homework, all this leads to obesity. The final outcome of eating unhealthy foods at the same time the childs life style characterized by laziness is to increase the caloric intake of the child and the lack of proportion burned. What is Obesity? Obesity is a kind of disease that also can be called malnutrition it is a pathological phenomenon in a developing countries, where we can consider that any change in quantity and quality of meal can be one factor of obesity, such as fatty foods. Obesity is to increase the percentage of fat more than 30% of total body weight as a result of the accumulation of fat in it, and this accumulation results from an imbalance between energy intake from food and energy consumed in the body. Considers obesity a chronic disease and complex, such as: diabetes and high blood pressure and obesity in every sense of the worries and troubles of the victims from social problems, psychological, and the end of the Series, diseases that do not cut off such as heart disease and arthritis and varicose veins and sugar and there is a misunderstanding of the causes of the disease What are the causes? 1 Feeding style Where it is certain to devour the food high thermal exchange with non- caloric, this leads to the accumulation of fat in the human body knowing that fat has a higher efficiency of carbohydrates and proteins in the bloc in the fatty tissues of the body . The best example of this that the spread of so-called junk food rich in calories in Western countries and other countries led to the prevalence of obesity and associated diseases in many parts of the world were not appear before. If we are to be honest with ourselves, its why the first and most importantly, the only cause in 90 % of cases of obesity. 2 Lack of activity and movement It is well known that obesity is rare in people movement or who require their constant activity, but you must also know that the lack of volume of activity alone is not sufficient reason for the occurrence of obesity. There is no doubt that the activity and movement of great benefit in improving human health in general can be summarized activity and movement in one word, is a sport. 3 Psychological factors This situation prevalent in women than in men, when subjected to severe psychological problems is reflected in the image of gorging on too much food. 4 The genetic causes Research confirms that modern genetics occupies 60-80 % of the causes of disease and obesity asked about the genes in the body and has been the discovery of more than 200 genes responsible for obesity in laboratory animals, but most are still under research for humans. And genetic causes include: the way the distribution of body fat burning rate of the body and how to convert fat into energy and the activity of certain enzymes depends on some genes. 5 Gender There are some races are more likely to be obese than the Mediterranean region and the Americans of Mexican descent and Black American, While less between races such as the Far East, Japan and China, and white races in Europe and America. 6 Age And obesity rates increase with age and the more advanced age and increased weight is acceptable to increase the rate of weight (2-4 kg) every 10 years. For example: a woman in her twenties, weighing 60 kg is acceptable to be: 62 64 kg at the age of thirties 66 68 kg in the forties 68 72 kg in the fifties 72 75 kg in the sixties These natural increase with advancing age have benefits, especially among females they protect against osteoporosis where the nor epinephrine hormone estrogen fat as it reduces the appearance of wrinkles in the face and neck and hands. It is known that children with obesity are at risk of becoming obese for life. 7 Hormones and glands There are critical periods for the disease, obesity and the most important period of puberty, pregnancy, lactation and menopause. It is known that periods accompanied by disturbances in the bodys hormones and hormones, especially femininity and therefore Infection with obesity for females weak men. What is the diagnosis? How to estimate the degree of obesity: Regularly can make some simple methods to estimate the degree of obesity has, among these methods are as follows: (1) Belt test : This test for men, which uses a belt around the normal waist circumference and chest circumference , if the length of the longest waist circumference of chest circumference is evidence possible to increase the fatty tissue and there is a saying the longer the belt Palace age. (2) Mirror test: can an individual to see for himself the true picture of his body in the mirror without courtesy there is nothing wrong and is the best way to show status and body weight. (3) Test Procedure: This is done by lying on the back and put a ruler over the area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the abdomen towards the head and feet, if not touching the sides of the ruler body is evidence of increased adipose tissue. (4) Test the grip of the skin: and this is in the region of the upper arm ( ulna ) from the side or rear area above the waist and using the thumb and forefinger If the distance is more than one inch is possible to increase the guide adipose tissue . (5) Balance: This method is always used by the balance of the ordinary and it must be a week, and at the same time with the clothes and make sure of the safety of balance and position just above the ground and not over the carpet. There are also various scientific methods to estimate the degree of increase in body weight due to the accumulation of fat and adipose tissue are the most important methods used in scientific studies accurate method of measuring the thickness of the fat layer by layer by fatty holder and a special method of measuring the density of the body and the weight of the individual under the water. The account that is strictly for the purpose of differentiating between whether an individual or obese, an increase in muscle mass in the body, What are the symptoms? it takes into account age as well as weight and height, defines a way the average body weight (ABW) if the weight of women at least 75 % of the (ABW) has not animate nervous loss of appetite. Health problems caused by obesity Whether obesity occurred as a result of a medical reason or because of the lifestyle, the obesity in children is not something which should be taken lightly. The child, who suffered from obesity excessive, is more susceptible to certain health problems such as asthma, high blood pressure, and heart disease. Psychological problems A psychological pressure faced by the child, who is suffering from obesity is also a problem, which often includes ridicule from his colleagues. Well there are many other situations that exposed these children and make them feel that their mistake, for example, when go out to buy clothes and have no size for them, etc. . Mothers and fathers should use moral support of your children at the same time encourage them to be healthier. What are the treatments? To reduce the fat in food can cook meat or roasted instead of fried in fat , as you must remove the chicken skin to have a high percentage of fat and cholesterol , and when you prepare the meat must remove all visible grease . Drinks such as coffee, tea and other sugar-free or with a small amount of sugar. Remember that nuts and seeds are rich in fat do not overfed addressed. Stay away from fads and beliefs wrong food -related obesity. Not to resort to surgical procedures to eradicate fat from the body, because there are many health complications may occur as a result of these operations. Do not use drugs mitigating appetite this may have undesirable health complications. Must abstain or minimize as much as possible about eating: Butter, cream, whole milk and low-fat products sufficiency and also to avoid ice cream, pastries and pies. Jam, honey, black and white. Dried fruit. Nuts and peanuts. Sugary soft drinks. Behavioral change in our habits of eating: The behavioral change not only helps in weight loss but also helps in maintaining the continuity of the lost weight, and the most important tips for behavioral change in dietary habits, which have proved successful in weight reduction programs, are as follows: Drink a glass of water or eat salad before eating. At the time of eating food should be placed in small dishes, and the food is placed in those dishes in the kitchen and not to bring food in large containers or large dishes on the dining table. Eat slowly and chew well, and the development of eating utensils (fork and spoon and knife) on the table between the quid and the other so do not forget to address the food quickly. Eat in one room and not busy with any other work such as reading or eating while watching TV. Once you leave the table quickly finished eating. Do not go shopping and buy food in the case of hunger, and not to buy foods so as not to be blocked off for the difficulty to resist. Store food away from the vision. Practicing and exercises: Must practice any sport light on a regular basis as it helps to burn fat , and the most suitable sport is walking , and Ive found that walking for an hour a day at a rate of 4 kilometers at a rapid pace resulting in the loss of 300 kcal . Sports and beside it consumes energy, they lead to a reduction of tension and boredom associated with the system when you do lose weight and to get out of the individuals home away from eating as well as improve the efficiency of the blood. How can it be prevented? are there any changes in lifestyle or eating habits that are needed? List nutrients that may help to prevent this disease and their effect (function) Have your priorities your system balanced food. Ways to avoid getting obese and maintain proper nutrition: Encouraged your child to exercise regularly. Take to your child regularly to the Club or to any public park where can play and running freely with the rest of the children. Limits critical situation for the time spent in front of your childs daily TV or the computer or play video games on. share your children in planning for meals and in shopping when buying groceries. Eat together at the dining table as much as possible. Avoid eating in front of the TV. Ate healthy snacks such as fresh fruit and vegetables, fresh juices, Yogurt, low-fat cheese, eating these foods is better than eating candies and chocolate. Do not use food as a reward or punishment. Mothers sometimes used candies as a way to reward children and this makes children more loving it. The causes of obesity, a suffering of women who look in the mirror when they feel their weight getting heavier to a great extent , in fact, more than 55 % of women exceed their weight ideal weight by more than 20 % . UAE statistics- what % of people are obese, any other data, tables, graphs, etc. Write a concluding paragraph including how we can solve the problem of obesity in UAE I concluded that avoiding the use of diets or lists of diets in books and trade magazines to lose weight, you should take the food program of specialized sources ( a dietitian or a doctor who specializes in nutrition ) and the Centers Fitness in many Arab countries do not provide lists of healthy diet , and there is no by specialists in nutrition , its best not to rely on these centers in nutrition. After consulting a doctor and taking the required laboratory tests must engage in aerobic exercise, such as aerobic exercises, walking, swimming, preferably after exercise at least two hours of eating the main meal. Eating foods rich in dietary, fruits and wheat bran, whole grains, these foods as well as a few calorimetric need longer to digest and give a sense of satiety. The reduction of fatty food and the use of different kinds of fat in the kitchen. Limit the intake of foods that contain sugars and processed sweets chocolate, canned fruits, jams, soft drinks and others. References WHO 2000 Haslam DW, James WP (2005). Obesity.Lancet366(9492): 1197–209. Kushner, Robert (2007).Treatment of the Obese Patient (Contemporary Endocrinology). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p.158. Retrieved 2013. Adams JP, Murphy PG (July 2000).Obesity in anaesthesia and intensive care.Br J Anaesth85(1): 91–108. Imaz I, Martà ­nez-Cervell C, Garcà ­a-Alvarez EE, Sendra-Gutià ©rrez JM, Gonzà ¡lez-Enrà ­quez J (July 2008). Safety and effectiveness of the intragastric balloon for obesity. A meta-analysis.ObesSurg18(7): 841–6. Barness LA, Opitz JM, Gilbert-Barness E (December 2007). Obesity: genetic, molecular, and environmental aspects.American Journal of Medical Genetics143A(24): 3016–34. Woodhouse R (2008).Obesity in art: A brief overview.Front Horm Res. Frontiers of Hormone Research36: 271–86. Pollack, Andrew (June 18, 2013).A.M.A. Recognizes Obesity as a Disease.The New York Times. Archived fromthe originalon June 18, 2013. Weinstock, Matthew (June 21, 2013).The Facts About Obesity.HHN.American Hospital Association. Retrieved 2013. Sweeting HN (2007).Measurement and Definitions of Obesity In Childhood and Adolescence: A field guide for the uninitiated

Capital Assets Pricing model |Analysis

Capital Assets Pricing model |Analysis Since 1970 the financial company using the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) to calculate their cost of the portfolio performance and the cost of capital. However, there are a lot of models in assets pricing have to identify the riskiness of the assets, and there are many of the researchers have developed the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) and contribute in pricing the risky financial assets such as, Mossin (1966), Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965). CAPM calculated the risk of assets by measuring the risk premium for each unit across the entire assets and measuring the means of market beta. Therefore, the CAPM module has a linear relationship between the market beta and the risk premium of the assets which can be considered as a methodical risk. Moreover, the CAPM illustrated that the assets return is fluctuated due to the values of the assets market beta. (Fazil, 2007) Advantages of CAPM However, Capita Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) is useful to examine the performance of portfolios and evaluating the cost of equity for the companies. And determine the theories of asset pricing. While, before CAPM had been founded by John Linter (1965) and William Sharpe (1964) there were no models can help in assets pricing models and predictions about returns and risk. The attraction of the capital asset pricing model considered to be powerful in assessing the risk and determine the relationship between the risk and expected return. In contrast, the simplicity of the CAPM reflects true failing and let to an inefficient record about invalidate the way it is used in applications. Also, the inadequacy of the empirical tests and proxies for the market portfolio led to fail in the model. However, if the difficulties of the market broker invalidate the model test, it also will cancel many applications, which normally lend the market broker used in empirical tests. While, for the expectation about the expected return and risk, the researcher will start with the logic summary. After that, will illustrate the previous empirical application on the model and explanation about the challenges of the shortcoming of the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) (Fama and French, 2003) Fama and French model The assessment of the cost of equity and the expected return for the individual investor or individual share is considered to be an important point for the financial decision, for instance, the investors who are associated to the capital budgeting, evaluating the performance and portfolio management. Therefore, there are two alternatives for this reason. Firstly, we can use on a factor which is Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM). Secondly, we can use the there-factor model which is known as Fama and French model. Although, there are many indications from academic literature for assess and evaluating the portfolio returns, and there are many users of the two models such as, Bruner, Eades, Harris and Higgins (1998) and Graham Harvey (2001) who prefer the (CAPM) model to assess and evaluate the cost of equity.( Bartholdy and Peare, 2005). The (CAPM) model consider the accurately of choosing a market portfolio broker, and the difference in the returns of the security is the only appropriate source of methodical risk. Consequently, the premium of the risk on the portfolio of the securities or individual security consider as the function of methodical risk which can be measured by beta on the appropriate benchmark index. In contrast, Fama and French (1993) changed the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) to three factors. Firstly, portfolios explain the variation in the return of the company with high opposed to the low market value ratio. Secondly, portfolios illustrate the difference in the expected returns of large and small companies (SMB). Finally, the premium of the risk on the security is primary for methodical risk and can be measured by betas. Moreover, Carhart (1997) added new factor for the Fama and French risk-return, and brings in a fourth factor known as a price momentum factor. This factor explains the tend ency of the company with positive previous profits in order to gain positive future returns and for companies with negative previous profits in order to gain negative future returns. However, this model (Fama and French Model) is applying statistical regression as follows: r rft =a j +b j rmt rft +b j SMBt +b j HMLt +e jt (1) where, rjt: is the known profits on security j over period of time t; rmt: is the profit have been made from the market over the period t. I got the chain of the known profit on the market, (rmt-rft) from ken Frenchs website4 where it is illustrated as the value weight return on all NASDAQ, AMEX and NYSE shares (from CRSP) and deducting the treasury bill for one month. Rft: is the rate of the risk free over the period t and explained here by the monthly profit on the quarter period of treasury bill a j: is the cut off and explained by the Arbitrage pricing model in order to be equal to zero. b1 to b3 : is the betas factor on the factors of three risks which include the HML, SMB and the excess return on the market. e jt : is the remaining profits on the portfolio j over the period of t SMBt: is the variation in the profits for the small companies against companies over the period of t. HMLt: is the variation in the profits of the companies with big market value (B/M) ratio against the profits of the companies that have low B/M ratio. However, Carharts (1997) divided this model (Fama and French model) as follow: r r =a +b r r +b SMB +b HML +b MOM +e (2) The price momentum factor (MOM) considers as the profit on high prior return portfolio and detected the average profit on low prior profit portfolios, which is the average profits on securities with the top profit from the performance over the previous years minus the average profit on securities, which is had the bad profits from the performance (Bello ,2008) Criticism of CAPM Capital Assets Pricing Model does not give a clear view about the average stock returns. Particularly, the CAPM does not illustrate why during the previous 40 years, small shares do better than large shares. Also, CAPM does not illustrate how the companies which have high rate of a book to market (B/M) ratio did better than the companies with low (B/M) ratios. Moreover, it does not explain why the shares that continue to achieve high profit do better than the companies which achieve low profits. However, the aim of this research is to comprehend if the version of CAPM can illustrate these patterns. According to Jensen (1968), Dybving and Ross (1985), Jagannathan and Wang (1996) who said that the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) can carry perfectly, time by the time, although that the shares are mispriced by the capital assets pricing model CAPM. Also, the unqualified alpha can be zero when the alpha is not conditional, and if beta fluctuates during the time and is related with the market volatility or equity. In other words, the portfolio of the market can be variance and efficient. (Hansen and Richard, 1987) Furthermore, there are many studies discussed that the time varying beta can illustrate the effect of B/M and the size. Also, Zhang (2005) contributes in developing the model when the high risk premium will lead to high B/M stock. Moreover, many researchers as Lettau and Ludvigson (2001), Lustig and Van Nieuwerburgh (2005), Jagannathan and Wang (1996), and Santos and Veronesi (2006) who explained that high, small B/M beat shares will be varying during the trade cycle, and according to the researchers, widely explained why those shares have good alpha. (Lewellena and Nagel, 2006) According to Fama and French (1992) who illustrate a value premium in u.s share return in 1963, and shares that have a high ratio of the book value of equity to the market value of equity have higher profits than shares with a non-high book to market ratio. Expand the exam back to 1926, Fama and French (2000) document a rate premium in the profit of the beginning period. Moreover, Fama and French (1993) illustrate that the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) of Sharpe (1964), Ang and Chen (2005) and Lintner (1965) did not explain the premium value. Also, Loughran (1997) said the premium value from 1963 to 1995 in any case exacting to small shares. This paper has three aims. Firstly, to give a clear picture about the value premium fluctuating with the company size. Secondly, evaluating if ÃŽÂ ² is in relative to the average profit by capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Finally, to measure whether the market of capital assets pricing model (CAPM) ÃŽÂ ²s illustrate the premiums value. Therefore, the results of the variation in premium value are easily summarized. Moreover, Loughran`s (1997) proved that and said there is no premium value among large shares appear to be exacting to (1) applying the book-to- market ratio as he growth value indicator. (2) the post-1963 period (3) determines the test to u.s. shares. During the period 1926 to 1963, the premium value is the same for small and big u.s. shares and when we use price earnings ratio rather than market to book ratio in order to distinguish growth stock and value, and during the period 1963-2004 introduce small variation between the premium value to big and small us shares. Moreover, they used another sample test, and they measured international premium value during the period 1975 to 2004 from 14 main markets outside the united states of America (USA), and the results of B/M or E/P on international stocks shows that the premium value is parallel to big and small shares, and the indication on the USA premium va lue and the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) is a bit more difficult. The overall premium value in the USA average profit is very similar and there is no variation before and after 1963, while Franzoni (2001) found that market ÃŽÂ ²s fluctuated dramatically. After that period, stocks value to indicate to lower ÃŽÂ ²s than stock growth the overturn of the needs of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to illustrate the premium value. Accordingly, the capital assets pricing model fails the exam during the period 1963 to 2004; if or not one permit to for time variation ÃŽÂ ²s over the period 1963 to 2004. Furthermore, the stock value had higher ÃŽÂ ²s compared to growth stock, and Ang and Chen (2005) found that the capital assets pricing model determined the premium value in higher rate. And it is tempting to gather that the capital assets pricing model gives a good explanation of the average profits before 1963. Conclusion According to the CAPM which suggests that the all difference in ÃŽÂ ² across securities is the same method with the expected returns. On the other hands Fama and French (1992) suggest that the difference in ÃŽÂ ² connected to size proves up in the average returns when the portfolio is created on size and ÃŽÂ ², but the difference in ÃŽÂ ² unconnected to the size appears to go unrewarded. This proposes that disagree with the CAPM, the size or a non-ÃŽÂ ² risk linked to the size that counts, not with ÃŽÂ ². Thus the examinations here expand this result. When the portfolios are formed on the size, B/M, and ÃŽÂ ², they find that the difference in ÃŽÂ ² linked with B/M and size are compensated with the average of the returns for 1928 to 1963, on the other hands the difference in ÃŽÂ ² unconnected to size and B/M goes unrewarded during the period 1928 to 1963. (Fama, and French, 2006) In conclusion, our evidence that the variation in ÃŽÂ ² is irrelevant to B/M and size is unrewarded in average profits is as efficient for huge shares and for small shares. This should lay to rest the common claim that experiential infringement of the capital assets pricing model is inconsequential due to the limited small shares and consequently, small fraction of invested wealth. Communication: A Literature Review Communication: A Literature Review Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.0 Introduction People communicate since they are part of society. The speech plays the main role in the communication, since it can express complicated ideas through important tone in the use of wide range of means. However the function of speech is not only convey information or messages but also connected with the interaction between people. This interaction supposed to be polite as etiquette of absolute majority of culture so that people can feel comfortable while communicate. Due to this, politeness should be applied in daily conversation. Politeness is a phenomenon that has been drawing a lot of attention in recent years. According to Huang (2008), everyone perceives as natural and understood what it means. According to many linguists, the importance of politeness strategies lies in maintaining a social order and is seen as â€Å"a precondition of human cooperation† (Brown Levinson, 2000, xiii). Lakoff said that the purpose of politeness is to avoid conflicts (Lakoff, 1889. 101). Polit eness strategies are learned when your mother tells you to thank someone who has, for example, given you a present for your fifth birthday. It seems to be very important to stick to these conventions, which have developed since human being exists. However, the politeness theory by Brown and Levinson is widely accepted and utilized as the basis for research by the researchers in the field of not only sociolinguistics but of psychology, business, and so on (Yuka, 2009). This study will focusing on the use of Brown and Levinson politeness strategies among University Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) student and measure the frequency they used it. 2.1 Politeness Theory/Principle Politeness theory is the theory that accounts for the redressing of the insults to face posed by face-threatening acts to addressees. Politeness theory, derived from Goffinan’s (1967) understanding of â€Å"facework,† suggests that all individuals hold two primary desires, positive face (the desire to be liked by others) and negative face (the desire to have one’s actions unconstrained by others). In our interpersonal interactions, we occasionally threaten others’ face needs, or desires, by exposing them to criticisms which is positive face threatening acts and requests which called negative face threatening acts. According to Simpson (1997), Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) is utterances that disrupt the balance of face maintenance. Thus, the manner in which we criticize or make requests of another is influenced by the degree of politeness that we wish to convey. Goffman’s (1967) argued that maintaining face feels good will showed an emotional attachme nt to the face that we maintain and disruptions of this, or losing face, results in a loss of the internal emotional support that is protecting oneself in a social situation. Plus, maintaining it is the expression of the speakers’ intention to mitigate face threats carried by certain face threatening acts toward another (Mills, 2003, p. 6). Relying on a Grician framework, proposed the Politeness Principle (PP) and elaborated on politeness as a regulative factor in communication through a set of maxims (Grice, 1989). Politeness, as found out, is a facilitating factor that influences the relation between ‘self’, which means the speaker, and ‘other’ that is the addressee and/or a third party. Besides, it minimizing the expression of impolite beliefs as the beliefs are unpleasant or at a cost to it (Leech, 1983). Later, politeness formulated by Brown Levinson (1978;1987). Politeness theory has since expanded academia’s perception of politeness. B esides, in an extension of Goffman’s (1967) discussion of face, Brown and Levinson (1978) also used two types of face that Goffman mentioned. Another scholar Yule, (2006) defines positive face is the pro-social person you present yourself as while negative face suggests giving space to disagreement or refusal, to have freedom of action and not to be imposed by others. In addition, politeness theory by Brown Levinson, (1978;1987) is a dynamic theory of human behavior describing linguistic strategies associated with politeness behavior. Because of its all-encompassing nature and ability to accommodate diverse aspects of human behavior, such as cross-cultural differences, gender roles, exchange theory, and interpersonal address, this theory has been considered to be both exemplary and a desirable ideal for experimental social psychology as a whole (R. Brown, 1990). However this study was not to examine face conceptualization as past study by Rudick (2010) which the researcher was tried to get perception of students by combining politeness strategies and face conceptual with classroom justice scales. Yet this study is just focused on the use of politeness strategies among Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) students and the frequency scale of each strategy. 2.2 Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies Brown and Levinson’s approach is based on Goffman’s study on the notion of face. Goffman (1967) defines face as an image of self-delineated in terms of approved social attributes. The moment a certain face is taken, it will have to be lived up to. Here he coins the expressions ‘to lose face’ and ‘to save one’s face’. From these concepts, the following expressions are derived: ‘to have, be in or maintain face’, which stand for an internally consistent face to be in the wrong face, which refers to the situation when information clashes with the face which a person sustains; and to be ‘out of face’, which means that a participant’s expect line is not yet prepared for a certain situation (Goffman, 1967). Goffman claims that interaction, especially face to face talk, is ruled by a mutual acceptance that participants in an encounter will tend to maintain their own face, defensive orientation, as well as other p articipants’ faces, protective orientation. â€Å"To study face-saving†, he states, â€Å"is to study the traffic rules of social interaction† (1967:12). According to him, face- saving actions are usually standardized practices which differ from one society to another as well as among subcultures and even individuals. Despite the differences, everyone is expected to have some knowledge and experience of how face work is used. Brown and Levinson borrowed these concepts and elaborated them somewhat in order to define the strategies that speakers follow when constructing messages. They treat the aspects of face as ‘basic wants’, and they address the universality of the notion of face. According to them, face has a twofold character positive face, which stands for the desire to be approved of and negative face, which responds to the desire that one’s actions are not hindered (Brown and Levinson 1987). They shape the term face-threatening acts (FT As), and agree with Goffman that interlocutors will try to maintain others people’s faces as well as their own. Therefore, the effect of FTAs will be minimized as much as possible through linguistic strategies (Brown and Levinson 1987). There are four strategies in politeness based on Brown and Levinson which are positive politeness, negative politeness, bold on record and bold off record. However, in this study, bold off record is not included because the theory is not deeply explained and difficult to collect data in classroom interaction. According to David A. Morand ( 2003 ), this difficulties will encounter when researcher need to detect sentences based on ambiguous meaning. Based on past study by Scollon and Scollon (1995), negative politeness is often preferable than positive politeness among British people. On this study, the researcher again will used Scollon and Scollon’s hypothesis to measure a qualitative data among UTAR student which can be clearly state a s Asian people. To fulfill the needs of this study the researcher applied three out of four politeness strategies. First strategy is positive politeness which mean an expression of solidarity which can say as appreciating addressee’s positive face and sharing the same values plus an act of sympathy towards the addressee. In other word, no inference required (Hirschova, 2006). Meanwhile based on Brown and Levinson (1987), positive politeness is a sender’ attempt to communicate intimacy with receivers. This kind of intimacy can be noticed in a friendly and familiar conversation in which the relationship between addresser and addressee is close. Second type is negative politeness which enables the speaker to avoid conflict among them while communicate by hesitating and softening the utterance with devices such as modality or indirect questions (Rudick, 2010). To make it clear, according to Brown and Levinson (1987), negative politeness is redressive action addressed to the addressee’s negative face. In other word, the key aspect is the addresser show respect towards the addressee by giving him/her freedom to react in a free way. In fact it used more intended enunciation in a careful way with a set of polite phrase examples Could you,†¦Sorry to bother you but,†¦ The addresser is extremely indirect so as not to harm the addressee’s negative face and hurt their feeling. Usually this strategy happened among unfamiliarity between the addresser and addressee or their different social status. Third type is bald on record which can be defined as a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way (Brown and Levinson, 1978;1987) For example â€Å"Do it!†. Brown and Levinson (1987) claim that the primary reason for bald on record usage may be generally stated as whenever the speaker wants to do FTA with maximum efficiency more than s/he wants to satisfy hearer’s face, even to any degree, s/he will choose the bald on record strategy. Final type is bald off record which Brown and Levinson (1987) defined as a communicative act which is done in such a way that is not possible to attribute one clear communicative intention to the act. In this case, the actor leaves her/himself an â€Å"out† by providing her/himself with a number of defensible interpretations. S/he cannot be held to have committed her/himself to just one particular interpretation of her/his act. In other words, Brown and Levinson claim, the actor leaves it up to the addressee to decide how to interpret the act. Off record utterances are essential in indirect use of language. One says something that is rather general. In this case, the hearer must make some inference to recover what was intended. For example, if somebody says â€Å"It is hot in here†, the hidden meaning of the utterance can be a request to open the window or to switch on the air conditioner. However due to this hidden meaning and ambiguous, this strategy will not be carry out to collect data on the use of politeness among UTAR student. This statement was agree by the scholar David A. Morand ( 2003 ) in his book ‘Gender talk at work’ by mentioned this difficulties will encounter when researcher need to detect sentences based on ambiguous meaning. To sum up, the politeness strategies may be applied and this study and this study will investigate how student use Brown and Levinson (1978;1987) politeness strategies with their instructors based on open ended question given and finally this study will measure or calculate the frequency that student used on the three type of politeness strategies. 2.3 Classroom interaction Language classrooms can be seen as sociolinguistic environments (Cazden, 1988) and discourse communities (Hall and Verplaetse, 2000) in which interaction is believed to contribute to learners’ language development. According to a review of studies in the area of classroom interaction and language learning presented by Hall and Verplaetse (2000), interactive processes are not strictly individual or equivalent across learners and situations; language learning is a social enterprise, jointly constructed, and intrinsically linked to learners’ repeated and regular participation in classroom activities. Based on Ghosh (2010), classroom interaction is a practice that enhances the development of the two very important language skills which are speaking and listening among the learners. This device helps the learner to be competent enough to think critically and share their views among their peers. A major goal of is to provide a prospective teachers with sufficient knowledge, s kills and behavior to enable them to function effectively in future teaching experience. Interaction has a similar meaning in the classroom. We might define classroom interaction as a two-way process between the participants in the learning process. The teacher influences the learners and vice versa. The teacher’s role is important to influence the learner. It is the responsibility of the teacher to create a learning atmosphere inside the classroom. It is through these interactive sessions that the teacher can extract responses from learners and motivate them to come out with new ideas related to the topic. Teacher is an observer who helps the learners to construct an innovative learning product through group discussions, debates and many more. Teacher also will define their self as a planner who plans out the best of the modules of interaction that would be effective to invite the learners in classroom interaction (Ghosh, 2010). Meanwhile, in vice versa which the learners ar e trying to influence the teacher is by students’ sense of social relatedness in classroom (Connell and Wellborn, 1991). When students experience a sense of belonging at school and supportive relationships with teachers and classmates, they are motivated to participate actively and appropriately in the life of the classroom.

Essay --

Hirohito was born in Tokyo, Japan April 29th 1901 and die on 1989 in Tokyo. He was the ruler of Japan from 1926 until he died. He was the longest running monarch in japans history. Hirohito was born in Aoyama Palace in Tokyo and was tought at Peers’ School and at the Crown Prince’s organization. He urbanized an interest in marine biology on which he wrote more than a few books. He visited Europe in 1921 becoming the first Japanese crown prince to travel. Upon his come back he was named prince when his father died his name was he Taisho emperor retired for the reason of his mental illness. 1924 hirohito wedded the princess Nagako Kuni. Hirohito gained emperor of Japan on December 25th 1926 subsequently after the death of his father. Histime in power was designated â€Å"Bright peace† During WWII he nearly attacked all of his nearby neighbors connected his self with the Nazi Germany and launched a awful assault on the U.S naval base at Pearl Harbor. Hirohito later depicted him self as a almost helpless monarch many scholars have come to believe he played an lively role in the war. After Japan surrendered in 1945 he became a figurehead with no political control. He was the eldest son of the Crown Prince Yoshihito was born on April 29Th 1901. According to custom the imperial family members were not raised by their parents. Hirohito attended schools set up for children of nobility. He received rigorous instruction in military matters along with others subjects such as math and physics. He went on a 34 man entourage traveled to Western Europe for a six month tour it was the fist time a Japanese crown prince had gone abroad. Japan hirohito became regent for his chronically ill father and assumed the emperor. September 1923 a earthquake hit t... ...vidual meetings with senior government officials to consider the process of the war and all of the milltary powers. But the ex prime minister Fumimaro konoe advised to prosper in the war. Konoe feared a communist revolution even more than defeat in war and argued about a negotiated surrender. He advised Hirohito to begin negitions to end the war. On june 22nd the leader met with his ministers saying â€Å"I desire that concrete plans to end the was in hampered by existing policy, be speedily studied and that efforts be made to implement them.† Emperor Hirohito died when going through surgery on his pancreas after having some digestive problems for several months. Doctors discovered that he had duodenal cancer. He appeared to make a full recovery but September 1988 he fainted in his palace and his health got worse he began to bleed internally. January 7 he passed away. Essay -- Hirohito was born in Tokyo, Japan April 29th 1901 and die on 1989 in Tokyo. He was the ruler of Japan from 1926 until he died. He was the longest running monarch in japans history. Hirohito was born in Aoyama Palace in Tokyo and was tought at Peers’ School and at the Crown Prince’s organization. He urbanized an interest in marine biology on which he wrote more than a few books. He visited Europe in 1921 becoming the first Japanese crown prince to travel. Upon his come back he was named prince when his father died his name was he Taisho emperor retired for the reason of his mental illness. 1924 hirohito wedded the princess Nagako Kuni. Hirohito gained emperor of Japan on December 25th 1926 subsequently after the death of his father. Histime in power was designated â€Å"Bright peace† During WWII he nearly attacked all of his nearby neighbors connected his self with the Nazi Germany and launched a awful assault on the U.S naval base at Pearl Harbor. Hirohito later depicted him self as a almost helpless monarch many scholars have come to believe he played an lively role in the war. After Japan surrendered in 1945 he became a figurehead with no political control. He was the eldest son of the Crown Prince Yoshihito was born on April 29Th 1901. According to custom the imperial family members were not raised by their parents. Hirohito attended schools set up for children of nobility. He received rigorous instruction in military matters along with others subjects such as math and physics. He went on a 34 man entourage traveled to Western Europe for a six month tour it was the fist time a Japanese crown prince had gone abroad. Japan hirohito became regent for his chronically ill father and assumed the emperor. September 1923 a earthquake hit t... ...vidual meetings with senior government officials to consider the process of the war and all of the milltary powers. But the ex prime minister Fumimaro konoe advised to prosper in the war. Konoe feared a communist revolution even more than defeat in war and argued about a negotiated surrender. He advised Hirohito to begin negitions to end the war. On june 22nd the leader met with his ministers saying â€Å"I desire that concrete plans to end the was in hampered by existing policy, be speedily studied and that efforts be made to implement them.† Emperor Hirohito died when going through surgery on his pancreas after having some digestive problems for several months. Doctors discovered that he had duodenal cancer. He appeared to make a full recovery but September 1988 he fainted in his palace and his health got worse he began to bleed internally. January 7 he passed away.

Biography of Isaac Newton :: Sir Isaac Newton Essays

Through his early life experiences and with the knowledge left by his predecessors, Sir Isaac Newton was able to develop calculus, natural forces, and optics. From birth to early childhood, Isaac Newton overcame many personal, social, and mental hardships. It is through these experiences that helped create the person society knows him as in this day and age. The beginning of these obstacles started at birth for Newton. Isaac was born premature on Christmas Day 1642, in the manor house of Woolsthorpe, 7 miles south of Grantham in Lincolnshire. It is said that â€Å"Because Galileo, . . . had died that year, a significance attaches itself to 1642†(Westfall 1). Though his father had died before Isaac was born, he was given his father’s name. He was born into a farming family that had worked their way slowly up the â€Å"social ladder†. The Newton’s were one of the few families to prosper in Lincolnshire(Westfall 1). At the age of three Isaac’s life would take a drastic turn. When Isaac was three his mother, Hannah Ayscough, remarried to the Reverend Barnabas Smith(Internet-newtonia). Isaac and the Reverend never got along and the Reverend would not have a child that was not his living with him. Isaac stayed with his grandparents when his mother went to live with the Reverend in North Witham. His maternal grandmother raised Isaac until he was ten. It is believed that his mother’s second marriage and her leaving caused many problems for Isaac as a child. While living with his grandparents he attended day school nearby in Skillington and Stoke. Many cousins and other family members in the area surrounded Isaac though, â€Å"He formed no bond with any of his numerous relatives that can be traced later in his life†(Westfall 11). In 1653 his mother returned after her second husband died. With her she brought one half brother and two half sisters. Although it is not known, bitterness may have inflicted Isaac when his three new siblings arrived. Never the less, two years later at the age of twelve he was sent to Grantham to attend grammar school. While attending grammar school Isaac lived with the apothecary Mr. Clark(Westfall 12). Mr. Clark had three stepchildren from the first marriage of his wife, Miss Storer, who were also living in his house. In school and at home Isaac was apparently different and did not get along with any other boys.

Events that Effected Slavery :: American America History

Introduction "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" (Thomas Jefferson). The only problem with this passage from the Declaration of Independence is that it does not say, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and Negroes are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" Thomas Jefferson's words were not correct. Not all men were created equal and these men were slaves. Slavery has existed throughout the United States for centuries before the present day. This was the most inhumane treatment any man could go through. The following report will express the impact of slavery on the history of the united states of America. The Earliest Slaves in America In the summer of 1619 a 160-ton ship from the Port of Flushing in Holland sailed into the Chesapeake Bay. The Dutch ship was under the command of Captain Jope and piloted by an English man named Marmaduke Raynor. In exchange for supplies Jope sold more than 20 Negroes to the local authorities in the English colony of Virginia. These blacks came ashore 12 years after the founding of Jamestown. At first the Virginians liked white indentured persons who knew their language and their ways, compared to the newly arrived black slaves. Over time though, the black servants grew accustomed to the environment and were better than the white indentured servants. The colonists didn't approve, but because of the need for laborers for Tobacco the acceptance grew. Slavery grows from demand of cotton The Revolutionary War won for the Americans a large stretch of wilderness between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. After 1800 settlers began to clear and plant on the land. Many of these settlers brought slaves with them. One of the crops which they planted was cotton. When the slaves had to pick the cotton it would prick them and slow the picking down tremendously. Then a man named Eli Whitney invented a machine called the Cotton Gin. The Cotton Gin cleaned the short sticky fibers of the upland cotton. Metal teeth simply pulled the fibers from the seeds. The invention of this machine made the cotton economy soar. Events that Effected Slavery :: American America History Introduction "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" (Thomas Jefferson). The only problem with this passage from the Declaration of Independence is that it does not say, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and Negroes are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" Thomas Jefferson's words were not correct. Not all men were created equal and these men were slaves. Slavery has existed throughout the United States for centuries before the present day. This was the most inhumane treatment any man could go through. The following report will express the impact of slavery on the history of the united states of America. The Earliest Slaves in America In the summer of 1619 a 160-ton ship from the Port of Flushing in Holland sailed into the Chesapeake Bay. The Dutch ship was under the command of Captain Jope and piloted by an English man named Marmaduke Raynor. In exchange for supplies Jope sold more than 20 Negroes to the local authorities in the English colony of Virginia. These blacks came ashore 12 years after the founding of Jamestown. At first the Virginians liked white indentured persons who knew their language and their ways, compared to the newly arrived black slaves. Over time though, the black servants grew accustomed to the environment and were better than the white indentured servants. The colonists didn't approve, but because of the need for laborers for Tobacco the acceptance grew. Slavery grows from demand of cotton The Revolutionary War won for the Americans a large stretch of wilderness between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. After 1800 settlers began to clear and plant on the land. Many of these settlers brought slaves with them. One of the crops which they planted was cotton. When the slaves had to pick the cotton it would prick them and slow the picking down tremendously. Then a man named Eli Whitney invented a machine called the Cotton Gin. The Cotton Gin cleaned the short sticky fibers of the upland cotton. Metal teeth simply pulled the fibers from the seeds. The invention of this machine made the cotton economy soar.

Major Pollutant: Ammonia Essay

Ammonia is one of the most widely produced chemicals in the United States. In pure form, it is known as anhydrous ammonia. Ammonia has the formula NH3 which is a compound of hydrogen and nitrogen. Ammonia is also produced in the human body and is commonly found in nature. It is essential in the body as a building block for making proteins and other complex molecules. In nature, ammonia occurs in soil from bacterial processes. It is also produced when plants, animals and animal wastes decay. The properties of ammonia includes the following information. Ammonia is a colorless highly irritating gas with a sharp suffocating odor. It dissolves easily in water to form ammonium hydroxide solution which can cause irritation and burns. Ammonia gas is easily compressed and forms a clear, colorless liquid under pressure. It is usually shipped as a compressed liquid in steel cylinders. Ammonia is not highly flammable, but containers of ammonia may explode when exposed to high heat. Ammonia is lighter than air, its density being 0.589 times that of air and is miscible with water. Ammonia’s molecular mass is 17.03 g/mol and is a gas at room temperature. Its melting point is at -77.7 degrees celsius while its boiling point is at -33.35 degrees celsius. Its flash point is at 11 degrees celsius while its decomposition point is at 500 degrees celsius. Ammonia as a gas has a density of 0.7710 g/L whereas when in liquid form has the density of 0.6818 g/L. Ammonia is a weak base and has a very high affinity for water. When it comes into contact with anything containing water, it becomes very caustic and this can be very dangerous as it can attack moist parts of the body if it comes into contact with them. Despite the high affinity for water, ammonia has limited reactivity with water. Most people are exposed to ammonia from breathing its gas or vapors. Since ammonia exists naturally and is also present in cleaning products, exposure may occur from these sources. The widespread use of ammonia on farms and in industrial and commercial locations means that exposure can also occur from an accidental release or from a deliberate terrorist attack. Ammonia gas is lighter than air and will rise, so that generally it does not settle in low-lying areas. However, in the presence of moisture, ammonia can form vapors that are heavier than air. These vapors can spread along the ground or other low-lying areas. When ammonia enters the body as a result of breathing, swallowing or skin contact, it reacts with water to produce ammonium hydroxide. This chemical is very corrosive and damages cells in the body on contact. Ammonia is corrosive. The severity of health effects depends on the route of exposure, the dose and the duration of exposure. Exposure to high concentrations of ammonia in air causes immediate burning of the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract and can result in blindness, lung damage or death. Inhalation of lower concentrations can cause coughing, and nose and throat irritation. Swallowing ammonia can cause burns to the mouth, throat and stomach. Skin or eye contact with concentrated ammonia can also cause irritation and burns. If you have been exposed to a large release of ammonia such as from a tanker truck rollover or from a leaking tanker rail car, you must quickly move away from the area where you think you were exposed. If the release was indoors, go outside. If you are near a release of ammonia, emergency coordinators may tell you to either evacuate the area or to â€Å"shelter in place.† To â€Å"shelter in place† means to remain indoors to avoid being exposed to the chemical. While indoors, shut and lock all doors and windows; turn off air conditioners, fans and heaters; and close fireplace dampers. If exposed to ammonia, you must also quickly remove any clothing that may have ammonia on it. If possible, clothing that is normally removed over the head (like t-shirts and sweaters) should be cut off the body to prevent additional contact with the agent. Follow these steps for the removal of clothings that have ammonia on it. First place your clothing inside a plastic bag and seal the bag tightly. Do not handle the plastic bag, and wait for instructions on proper disposal. Disposing of your clothing in a sealed bag helps protect you and other people from any additional exposure. Then store the bagged clothing in a secure location away from people, especially children. As soon as you finish performing these steps, quickly wash any ammonia from your skin with large amounts of soap and water, and flush your eyes with large amounts of water by following these steps. First you must remove and dispose of any contact lenses then wash eyeglasses with soap and water before wearing. Do not use bleach to remove ammonia from your skin. If serious problems occur and the previous steps did not ease the situation, it is important to seek medical attention right away.