Major causes of unemployment Essay

Outline the study causes of unemployment and social consequences of unemployment for the Australian economy.There are a number of causes of unemployment, which ultimately result in both positive and negative consequences for Australias economy. These causes are give awaylined as fol emits.Economic growth is possibly the roughly influential factor causing unemployment. The demand for excavate is a derived demand, meaning that it is determined by the level of demand for goods and services in an economy. This means that if an economy is experiencing low levels of economic growth, heart demand result come in, thus decreasing the demand for comminute, which pull up s teachs result in an subjoin in unemployment.resulted in a strong decline in unemployment (stimulus). Australias unemployment rate is currently at 5.1%, its lowest since the 1970s (stimulus).Unemployment may excessively be caused by technological change This stomach vex a negative effect on unemployment as a co mpany may replace mash with capital in order to start out more(prenominal) than efficient. Jobs are incapacitated as technology is now used instead, or people dont eat the skills required for the newfound production methods therefore increasing unemployment. However, the labour force may undergo yet education and training to acquire the new skills needed, thus reducing unemployment.Labour productivity is a epochal factor affecting the level of unemployment. Low level of productivity tends to encourage employers to use capital in reference to labour in production therefor increasing unemployment.The apostrophize of labour also impacts upon the unemployment rate. If the cost of labour is heights, employers will replace labour with capital therefor increasing unemployment, but if it is relatively low, employers will rather choose to employ more workers, thus increasing unemployment.One of the motives for a rapid increase in labour costs may be the inflexibility of the labo ur market due to regulations for e.g. 2006 IR laws resulting in higher minimum wages than would occur if wages were set through the interaction in the midst of the demand and supply of labour.In addition, the put to work of geomorphological change in the economy often involves hearty short term costs, unemployment. Job qualifyinges are greater in less efficient industries and in areas undergoing major reforms, much(prenominal) as public utilities that are being privatised. For e.g. large tariff cuts put one e trulywhere contributed to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector. Structural change also includes reductions in protection. If local producers can no longer compete internationally there will be a rise in unemployment, however this will be beneficial to the labour market in the long term as efficient industries emerge.The unemployment rate may also occur as a result of politics macroeconomic policy. The governments macroeconomic policy can influence the level of unemployment in the short to medium term, through their influence in the business cycle. With the carrying out of contractionary macroeconomic policy, with budget deficits and tighter monetary policy this results in higher interest rates and less government spending leads to a slowdown in economic growth and investment causing unemployment to increase.Another reason for declining unemployment is changing participation rates and civilise retention rates. During an economic upswing the participation rate (labour force / working age population x 100) is known to rise as discouraged job seekers re- insert the labour force and begin to actively look for work again. This means economic growth needs to be high enough to absorb both the unemployed and those returning to the labour force for unemployment to decline.As more students are completing high school and get in tertiary education, young people are entering the work force later. This means that the size of the labour force is red uced, which improves the rate of unemployment. Furthermore, once students finish their studies and enter the labour force they have greater knowledge and skills, improving theiremployment prospects.A consistently high level of unemployment has negative social effects on society, individuals and the economy.Unemployment within an economy has dire consequences on society. increase inequality is the most severe cost within society. Unemployment tends to affect lower income earners such as the young, unskilled, innate Australians, regional Australia and those migrants who were born overseas. Because unemployment means a loss of income for these social class they become relatively worse off compared to higher income earners as they struggle to cater for their day to day needs, therefore contributing to need and overall inequality in income distribution.Unemployment is associated with many of the most serious and personal social problems in Australia. Among families and individuals, p eculiarly those who suffer from long-term unemployment, there is an increased incidence of social problems including homelessness/housing problemssever financial hardshipfamily tensionserosion of confidence and self-importance esteemincreased levels of debtloss of work skills making it all the more difficult to re-enter the workforceincreased social isolationpoor health, psychological disorders and suicideThese social problems have an economic cost for the community as a whole, since more resources must be directed towards traffic with them. Money to be spent on resurrecting peoples lives takes away funds from satisfying community wants.All in all, unemployment is one economic issue which has to be looked at very closely, as the consequences listed above are reasonable some of the realities brought about by unemployment.Discuss Australias recent unemployment performance.Even though Australia has low unemployment rate in comparison to other OECD countries, unemployment has been a s ignificant economic policy challenge in Australia for the past third decades.Australia began experiencing low unemployment rates during the 1960s and early 1970s, however an increase in unemployment figures gradually occurred during the mid 1970s. For the break 25 eld to 2006 Australias unemployment rate has averaged 8%. However the current unemployment rate fell to its lowest in 30 years, to approximately 4.7% in 2006-2007, proving it has entered a new era of sustained unemployment due to sustained economic growth.During the 1990s the unemployment rate peaked at 10.7%, the highest level since the great depression due to the severe inlet in Australia and the global economy. Falling AD resulted in the closure of many firms and cutbacks in production, which led to cutbacks in labour therefore increasing unemployment. Australias slow progress on unemployment during this period was also due to the strong suit of labour productivity growth which meant businesses were able to increas e their output without hiring new staff.Through the extensive structural change and micro economic reform unemployment during this period worsened. As new technologies emerged and production techniques changed people who lost their job found it more difficult to obtain new jobs in emerging industries.Since the 1990s recession, Australias unemployment levels have been falling gradually due to its consistent economic growth levels over the past 15 years bringing unemployment to its minimum level of approximately 4.8%.Australia needs economic growth rates of at to the lowest degree(prenominal) 3.75% in order to make progress in reducing unemployment. This totally occurs as unemployment can only be reduced if AD (economic growth) exceeds the total of productivity growth plus growth in the labour force. This relationship is mainly referred to as Okuns Law.Since the beginning of this decade, productivity growth has been much slower, which has meant the unemployment rate has continued t o fall even though economic growth has only averaged around 3%. everywhere the last 5 years, Australias unemployment rate has persist ined below the OECD average but many countries still have lower unemployment levels including Ireland New Zealandand Japan. quantify the policy options available to the government to achieve a sustained reduction in the level of unemploymentThe labour markets ability to sustain low unemployment is a result of improved Macroeconomic polity frameworks and extensive microeconomic Reform over a long period of time.Macroeconomic Policy allows the government to alter aggregate demand in the economy through the use of Monetary and Fiscal Policy. As 8 out of the last 9 budgets have achieved a Fiscal Balance, our 2004-05 Budget has a relatively small nimiety with payments being sent, totalling to 1% of GDP, at the end of the financial year and the cash rate has been below 5.5% for 39 months the Howard government have held Macroeconomic Policy in expansiona ry ground for a substantial period of time. This has resulted in 13 years of strong sustainable economic growth and, thus, elimination of cyclical unemployment.Monetary Policy assists by smoothing out the business cycle and reducing fluctuations in aggregate demand. The RBA has chosen to maintain low interest rates because of the effects higher interest rates would have on unemployment, among other factors. Over the past three years Australia experienced a Real Estate boom. This has resulted in a major growth in debt and construction in Australia. An increase in interest rates for many of the heavily indebted would dramatically reduce their disposable incomes, hence reducing aggregate demand and causing unemployment. also within the last 12 months 9 out of every 10 jobs created was in construction, meaning bulky job loss should interest rates rise. Furthermore this will affect many other industries such as retail and whitegoods, which have benefited from this increased demand.Fis cal Policy enables the government to inject revenue into regions or specific groups within the economy. The Budget 2004-05 aims to address demands by increasing participation and productivity through a number of initiatives. One of the major inducings that will impact upon unemployment is the reduction of the Welfare Trap. This addresses mainly low andmiddle-income families that remain unemployed, as they are financially better off just receiving welfare. The package will increase the incentives to take on additional work, seek advancement, acquire skills and ultimately increase the labour force participation rate.microeconomic Policies are policies aimed at individual industries that are seeking to improve efficiency and productivity of the producers. These have allowed governments to relieve the Labour Market as previously the over-regulated and inflexible labour market and wage determination process was viewed as damaging to the Labour Market.The introduction of the WORKPLACE R ELATIONS ACT 1996 aims to decentralise the body of work dealings System by discouraging the use of third parties, such as the AIRC. Instead the Australian establishment are encourging encouraging employers and employees to reach outcomes based on the circumstances of their particular enterprise or organisation. black-tie collective placements can be made directly between employers and employees, known as Australian Workplace Agreements. Although these agreements must meet a global no-disadvantage test, to ensure the agreement isnt guilty or less favourable, the agreement is largely between the employer and employee. Workplace agreements have contributed to improved productivity, higher real wages and greater feeler to family-friendly provisions.Previously rigid award regulations have been simplified. A safety net is ensured, providing minimum standards to protect employees (especially the low-paid). The real terms and conditions are, however, determined by an agreement at the workplace. The WORKPLACE RELATIONS ACT also makes arrogant union membership illegal, allowing employees greater fredom of choice. This has also contributed to the declining power of the unions.The WORKPLACE RELATIONS ACT now protects businesses from unlawful industrial action. This has lead to reducing strikes to the lowest levels in Australias history. Unfair dismissal laws have been replaced with a new fair go allround law, as it was found this law had contributed to the loss of at least 77,000 jobs in small businesses.Through the introduction of the Job Network inefficiencies of job training and placement were reduced. With more efficient Labour market Services the unemployed were able find desired positions faster, hence reducing Frictional unemployment.The Work-for-the-Dole Scheme is part of the Howard Governments mutual obligation principle. This requires 18 to 24 year olds that have been on benefits for more than six months to participate in and activity in addition to job search. This has assisted over 200,000 unemployed to rebuild self-confidence, and develop work ethic and skills Although this does encourage regeneration of work habits the Work-for-the-Dole Scheme conveys very few technical or vocational skills. The New Apprenticeship Scheme has also benefited by organising apprenticeships for 70% of school leavers that dont go to university.The Government also provides businesss that employ those previously unemployed with wage and training subsidies to provide incentive for employers taking a risk on the unemployed.Bibliography-Australian Department of Foreign Affairs & Trade (http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/index.html Australian Facts).http//www.oecd.org/ verdant/0,3021,en_33873108_33873229_1_1_1_1_1,00.htmlhttp//www.oecd.org/document/28/0,2340,en_2649_34569_37147228_1_1_1_1,00.htmlBooks- TIm Dixon Australian Economics 2007