Characterization, Tone, and Setting in The Story of an Hour :: The Story of an Hour

Characterization, Tone, and Setting in The Story of an Hour 1 The theme of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is do not believe everything that is told to you until you see it yourself. This story is understood better when you focus on these three critical concepts, characterization, tone and setting. 2 First off is characterization, which is important for what is upcoming at the end of the story. To understand this you must understand the character of Louise Mallard. Louise was young looking with fair skin and a calm face, who spoke repression and some strength. [?] She also has a heart problem, which means the death of her husband has to be broken to her as gently as possible. But now [?] there is nothing but a dull stare gazing into the patches of blue sky as if she was in intelligent thought. 3 The second of the three critical concepts I am using is tone. Tone is the prevailing attitude as perceived by the reader. Attitudes I got from reading this story were sad and shocked. The sad part is when her husband had died in a railroad disaster. It was her sister who had, with broken sentences, slowly told her that he had died. Mr. m[M]allard's friend Richard was also there at the time to assist Josephine in breaking the bad news. After they had told her, she had looked [?] herself in her room and stared out the window. The second attitude was shocked this was how I felt at the end of the story. [CS - 1] The reason I did is when Josephine finally got Louise to come out of her room and come back downstairs. [Frag -1] On the way downstairs the front door opened and in walked Mr. Mallard who was supposedly dead. The sight of him shocked Louise so much that it had caused her to have a heart attack and die. This was shocking to me because they had said that he had die d in a railroad accident and the second telegram confirmed it. But Mr. Mallard had said that he was now were [nowhere; Hostage 50] near the supposed accident even though [?] he did not even hear about one.

Reparations: African Americans Justice Essay

The United States government should pay reparations to African Americans as a means of admitting their wrong-doing and making amends. The damages African Americans have sustained from White America’s policy of slavery have been agonizing and inhumane. Therefore, I am in favor of reparations for African Americans. The effect of slavery has been an enduring issue within the African American community. Many of us are cognizant of the harm racism brought to the African American race, conveyed through slavery, racial segregation and discrimination. African Americans suffered many atrocities, but the greatest damage done to them was the destruction of they’re original identity. African Americans no longer have a native language or any African customs to connect them to Africa. Today, African Americans are connected together because they all share a common foundation-the horrendous experience of slavery-and the great effort to conquer its lingering result. (www. AcedemicLibrary. com) Americans should realize the magnitude of slavery’s consequences on African Americans as a whole. Blacks were brainwashed and stripped of self-esteem and taught to be ashamed of dark color of their skin. Many African Americans have effortlessly tried to advocate â€Å"Black Pride†, trying to re-instill self-worth and being proud of our distinct facial and body features, and darker complexions. African Americans had zilch to begin with after the abolishment of slavery in 1865. Slaves were promised a â€Å"mule/ and 40 acres† and they didn’t live to receive it nor did generations to follow; because the American government has yet to live up to its word. The fruit of the slaves’ labor was stolen from the â€Å"land of the free†. The victims of the White people’s African slave trade never experienced such freedom. This race deserves compensation for the mistreatment Pongee Bryant it has suffered and continues to endure. Paying reparations to the descendants of African American slaves would bring about a tremendous improvement for the advancement of Black America. (Douglass, Fredrick, 1845, Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass). White Americans have profited from education, life experiences, riches that were handed down by their ancestors. As well, African Americans have been handed down the hardship of race-related issues, poverty, and the unknown history of their past. African Americans have constantly been inflicted with the social status of their low-income level in contrast with that of White Americans. America should be ashamed for their mistreatment of a race that did not ask or even desire to reside in this country. Yet, they still wear their ugly face of racism, and discrimination, and only seek to segregate African Americans, as if they were at fault. Americans may argue Blacks shouldn’t be complaining, whining, and to pull themselves up by their boot straps. Well, Martin Luther King once said â€Å"White America wants us to pull ourselves up from our boot straps, but we don’t have any boots†. (Shuttlesworth, Fred, 1999, A Fire You Can’t Put Out). The U. S. government has a moral responsibility to this race of people to compensate, African American’s because they were denied their heritage, religion, family, and culture. America alleges it is a religious-based country and their faith resides in God. The bible says: â€Å"If a man steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep. † This country consistently contradicts itself in the way it wants to be perceived. If America has any belief in God, they should feel an obligation to compensate the African American descendants of slave ancestors. (Exodus 22, Bible). Pongee Bryant White Americans may argue that the country did enough when it passed the Civil Rights Act in 1960. They may also state America has enough resources and equal opportunity for each individual of every race to succeed. However, there is a huge wealth gap in social status among blacks and whites mostly because of oppression, discrimination and racism toward the modern day contemporary black. Whether anybody wants to admit it, there is still a glass ceiling (i. e. ,a status barrier) against African Americans. Reparations would bring African Americans justice and economic power in this country. There are numerous black reparation organizations which could receive the money and distribute it evenly among African Americans, to incorporate black-owned businesses, home ownership, and better education selective for young and old blacks. These reparation organizations could also invest money into smaller black-owned businesses, and other industries that would further the African American race, and ensure a rapid growth of African American middle-class and beyond. (Robert J. Brym/ John Lie, Sociology) The exploitation of African Americans in this country took on many forms through decades. The centuries of slavery in this country laid the foundation of our current relationship to America. From cotton fields to building America’s most significant buildings African Americans have helped build the wealth in this country. Yet, the African American race has endured the most terrorism from the Ku Klux Klan, lynchings, plantation jails, police torture and murder, and poverty. Slavery was a crime against humanity; and it still is in existence in many other ways and forms. America has created a system with, voter discrimination, drugs, and drug sentences to keep the African Pongee Bryant American man enslaved. The government should compensate the African American race and put an end to a never-ending oppression cycle. The government of the United States of America was instrumental in having pressured the German and Japanese governments into the payments of reparations to the people who suffered and survived the crimes and legacy of slavery endured during World War II. The government of the United States has also already paid reparations to the Japanese-Americans who were detained in concentration camps during World War II. America calls herself a fair nation: a civilized country which respects civil and human rights, encourages opportunity for and well-being of all her people, and can be trusted by other nations as a county whom honors her word. Well, America promised African Americans 40 acres and a mule and didn’t live up to her promise. America’s attitude and silence on reparations reeks of hypocrisy. (X, Malcolm, Biography of Malcolm X). America should also pay reparations to African Americans because they consistently want us to labor for their work and take all the credit. For instance America is at fault for African American dead and injured men who served and were drafted in the Vietnam War. America put young black men on the front-line of a war they had nothing to do with nor helped contribute to. America wanted a race that was not yet â€Å"capable† of voting but was competent enough to fight in a war. A race that did not have the option of drinking from any fountain, sitting anywhere on a bus, using any bathroom, however we were fit for fighting. The point is America constantly benefits from African Americans, but refuses to compensate African Americans for their contributions to this country. (www. AcedemicLibrary. com).

Essay Laurent Clerc Pioneer Teacher - 958 Words

Laurent Clerc Pioneer Teacher 1785-1869 Laurent Clerc was born in LaBalme, France, on Dec. 26 1785. His father was Mayor of the town and the family could boast of a long line of magistrates in the Clerc lineage. At the age of one, the infant fell from a kitchen chair by accident into a nearby fireplace. He was burned on one side of his face and a fever left him totally deaf. He had uncle also named Laurent Clerc, who heard about the school for the deaf in Paris. When he was twelve years old, his uncle brought him to Paris and took him in the Royal Institution for the Deaf. In 1816, his eight year as a teacher, an event happened which changed the course of his life. He met a young idealist from America, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet,†¦show more content†¦At age 84, Laurent Clerc died on July 18, 1869. History of Laurent Clerc There are a lot of firsts that Laurent Clerc accomplished. He was the first deaf teacher in America, the first deaf person to appear before U.S. Congress in Washington, D.C. to talk about establishing public schools for the deaf, and the first deaf person to get an honorary M.A. degree from Trinity College. Clerc was born to a prominent family in the village of LaBalme, France. His father was a notary by profession and a mayor of the village for 34 years. His mother was the daughter of another notary. Males in Clercs family held the office of Tubelion (a Royal Commissary) in that village for over 300 years. Clercs family believes that he became deaf after falling from his highchair into the kitchen fire, but he might have been born deaf. His right cheek was burned from the accident- hence the name sign of brushing two fingers across cheek. Clerc lived through the French Revolution, witnessing Napoleons rise and fall. In fact, he lived in England for a while to escape from the turmoil. Clerc had once been considered to help start a school for the deaf in Russia but was passed over because he was deaf. He agreed to coe to America for only three years for three reasons: 1) to help organize a new school for the deaf; 2) to be the first experienced teacher; and 3) to teach others how to teach deaf. However, he married one of his beautiful, dark-eyed, dark-haired, slender,Show MoreRelatedEdmund Booth: Deaf Pioneer Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesEdmund Booth: Deaf Pioneer Edmund Booth was born on a farm near Springfield, Massachusetts in 1810. Some of the hats he wore during his lifetime were farmer, teacher, activist for the deaf, pioneer settler, 49er, journalist, and politician. The consistent theme in Booths life, one to which he always returned, was his commitment to the deaf: working for the rights of all deaf people in this country, including education of deaf children. Booths interest in deaf issues wasRead MoreSign Language Is A Complex System Of Communication2007 Words   |  9 Pagesaristocrats who could afford private tutoring and helped children to learn how to speak audibly and instructed children in writing and simple gestures. De Ponce’s success would have not been if not for Bonnet. In 1620, Bonnet went down in history as the pioneer of education for the deaf. Juan Pablo published the first book on deaf education in Madrid that is considered the first modern treaty of phonetics and speech therapy, setting out a method of oral education for deaf children by means of the use of

Slavery And The Slave Trade Essay - 2064 Words

Slaves were significantly important to both Southern America and Northern America; both regions profited greatly from the slave trade. While Northern America were focusing on manufacturing, Southern America were considering to increase slavery so that they could use them in their agricultural places. Most of the slaves were from Africa, who were forcibly brought to America. The journey from Africa to America was not that easy though. Many of them died on the way to America because of the brutal condition of the journey. They risked their life to come to America with the hope of getting a better life in America. However, will they be accepted well and treated equally by new people in America? Will the new land give them new better life? Will the new land be actually better than their homeland? The treatment of slaves in America depended on slave owners, conditions, times, and places, though, generally majority of slaves had to face with brutality, degradation, and inhumanity. Slavery was one of the most significant issues in American history. Technically, slaves provided America economy, especially during the Antebellum period. Besides, they caused tensions between America two regions; the Southern states and the Northern states, over slavery issues, which was one of the reason that caused the Civil War. The influences of slavery issues didn’t end after the Civil war, it continued to the civil rights movements period and some of the equality issues are still going on tillShow MoreRelatedSlavery And The Slave Trade1436 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery has been documented and has been part of the world for a very extensive time. Slaves as well-defined by numerous of individual’s state that slaves were a group of individuals who were legally bought and soon after, became the property of an owner and were forced to obey. No one knows when slavery actually came about, but we do know that it existed. So this being said, today I will be talking about the slave trade, comparing the differences of being an African slave and American slave, asRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1405 Words   |  6 PagesThe slave trade, which was once a legal part of the American constitution, has for many years become a form of piracy because it takes away the basic human rights of any person. The Atlantic slave trade was originated in West Africa and became a systematic institution in American and European economies. This plague brought about an inevitable existence of the nations greatest political conflict. The slave trade evoked heartbreak, and a horror to society as the nation became split over puritan valuesRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1328 Words   |  6 Pagesamounts of workers for cultivation infrastructure. For this reason, American settlers began the transatlantic slave trade trade. Christianity played an important role in advocating for the morality of the slave trade (Ri chard). In order to drive the slave industry, pastors across America used the traditions and stories found in the Bible to endorse and even encourage the practice of slavery. At this time, America was seeing ever dividing sects of protestantism. There were countless institutions anywhereRead MoreSlavery And The Slave Trade1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe phenomenon of new world slavery was a well-run business and the slaves were the product. Slavery was one of the few industries in history where assets exceeded liability and owner’s equity, which is an unusual occurrence considering the equation is normally that assets equal liability and owner’s equity. Throughout this essay, the rise of slavery and the slave trade will be explained and slavery will be illustrated as the product of a domino effect. Slavery was a process and it took many peopleRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe word slave is well-defined as an individual detained in se rvitude as the chattel of another, or one that is wholly impassive to a ruling power (American Heritage dictionary of the English language, 2011). The most renowned circumstances of slavery materialized throughout the settling of the United States of America. From 1619 until July 1st 1928 slavery was acceptable within United States of America the Slavery protestors endeavoured to end slavery, which at some point; they were effective atRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe Atlantic Slave Trade was about importing and exporting of commodities such as sugar, cotton and humans beings (slaves) which would be considered the most valuable product. A slave is defined as a person being held in servitude as the chattel (property) of another; one that is completely subservient to a dominating influence.† (Merriam-Webster) According to Paul Lovejoy â€Å"slavery was one form of exploitation. Its special characteristics included the idea that slaves were property; that theyRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1295 Words   |  6 Pagesyou a few examples of how Atlantic slave trade came to be. What would be significant about it is that the laws, and rules that existed for the slave trade, were slightly confusing. Example not everyone knew or would agree to slave trade, the vast argument was whether slavery was a necessity or not and who would be considered a slave. Some say that without slaves, they would not get the proper work done such as field work is an example. Also others argued that slavery was not needed. As a result of theRead MoreSlavery And The Slave Trade Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of the domestic slave trade because of the need for slaves in the tobacco planting lands. Many landowners and planters looked towards the Chesapeake area to seek for slaves. Many slave owners started looking towards that region because the International Slave Trade had been blockaded off. The domestic slave trade began something d ifferent; where African Americans were moved to a new location either through being sold or being transferred. Because of the desperate need of slaves in order to earnRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1987 Words   |  8 Pagesbe complete without the mention of the interstate slave trade. This is most applicable when we talk about one aspect of the slave trade that often gets overlooked, the Atlantic Slave Trade. When mentioning the Atlantic Slave Trade, it is the fact that southerners considered reopening the trade after its dissolution in the beginning of the nineteenth century. Interestingly enough, there were movements by southerners to reopen the Atlantic Slave Trade that were in the name of southern expansion. OneRead MoreSlavery And The Slave Trade2968 Words   |  12 Pageshistory of slavery is long, documented, captured in photos and personal narratives of slaves and slave owners. There are many accounts of how slavery started, the horrific stories of transporting sl aves and what they were used for throughout history. To start at the beginning you have to start with how slaves were placed in different countries and continents where they were not born. Most know about the Atlantic slave trade that effected North America, South America and the Caribbean. Slavery existed

The Chrysanthemums By John Steinbeck - 875 Words

Introduction The Chrysanthemums author, John Steinbeck, struggles to equality using Elisa Ellen. The Chrysanthemums depicts a capable, a woman who is denied fulfillment socially, sexually, and personal fulfillment through prevailing the woman s role conception in the men dominated the world. The appearance, speech, and actions of Elisa depict that frustration that women experienced in 1930 s Steinbeck s masculine world. Thus, this brings the questions: In what ways does Elisa s character develop and what does this suggests about the story meaning? How do Elisa s relations with Tinker compare with her relationship with Henry and what does this reveal about the story? How is the story a commentary on gender relations for its time? Therefore, â€Å"Steinbeck’s world† is more of a masculine world offers no chance to feminine liberationists. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† show Elisa’s transformation throughout the story and reveal a different side of her that she seems to be mor e feminine instead of masculine, conversational, frustrated and aware of her self-suggesting women desires in a world dominated by men. The frustration evident as from the beginning of the book, when Elisa is introduced. There is gender inequality, the time is 1930’s and Elisa’s description is a heavy and clocked woman with heavy shoes, a big apron hiding her printed dress, heavy gloves and a â€Å"man’s black hat† (Steinbeck 330). Elisa’s home is described with qualities of masculinity by being â€Å"hard polished†Show MoreRelatedThe Chrysanthemums By John Steinbeck982 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Chrysanthemums† is a short story written by John Steinbeck. The story was originally published in 1937 before later being released as a part of his The Long Valley collection. This is an important story as it expresses women in a way that is more realistic, showing their true boredom, ambition, and capabilities. Some scholars interpreted this story differently, but C. Kenneth Pellow interprets it as â€Å"radically feministic.† The Great Depression was finally endi ng and women’s rights were risingRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums By John Steinbeck1559 Words   |  7 PagesThe Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck is a rich piece of work that has many underlying meanings hidden within it. I find that it was no mistake that this entire short story is a metaphor. Each character plays their own role in creating this metaphor from the very beginning of the story all the way until the bitter end. As well as characters, the lack of one particular â€Å"character† in this story seems to be the most important metaphor of all. No one character is more important than the other. They allRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums By John Steinbeck Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Chrysanthemums† By John Steinbeck â€Å"Tears, Idle Tears† By Alfred, Lord Tennyson Both of these stories has the speaker/main character going through an emotional journey and in a way they are pretty similar with their own little differences. This story, â€Å"The Chrysanthemums†, and this poem, â€Å"Tears, Idle Tears†, are both similar in the way that the main character/speaker of the story is upset and is crying either at one point in the story or in all of the poem. And, well, it’s not just that butRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums By John Steinbeck889 Words   |  4 PagesWhen John Steinbeck s short story The Chrysanthemums first appeared in the October 1937 edition of Harper s Magazine (Osborne 479), Franklin D. Roosevelt had just been reelected president. The country was recovering from the Great Depression, unions were developing, and child labor in manufacturing was terminated (Jones 805-6). The first female cabinet member in American history, Frances Perkins, was appointed the Secretary of Labor (Jones 802). She was one of the few women in her time to gainRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums By John Steinbeck Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck, like many stories by this author, is loaded with symbolism and concepts about human nature. Each description of characters, places, and physical aspects is written in a way that is simple to understand, but one should not be tricked by his ordinary words since there is always a greater meaning behind them. In this particular story, if one considers the period of time when the story was written, which was the nineteen thirties, is perceived how Steinbeck presentsRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums By John Steinbeck Analysis935 Words   |  4 PagesIn John Steinbeck‘s short story â€Å"The Chrysanthemums † Elisa Gives off the impression that she is not satisfied with her life. She can’t put a finger on her source of discomfort, but knows that she is not quite satisfied with how her life is continuing. Elisa’s husband doe sn’t give her the proper attention she is craving, so elisa turns to her only sense of compassion; her garden. Elisa uses her beloved chrysanthemums to express her inner feelings about what it’s like to truly care for something.Read MoreSymbolism in the Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck1758 Words   |  8 PagesJohn Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums is a story that is full of symbolism. After the first read, it might seem like an innocent tale about a woman and her garden. However, upon further examination, the reader learns it is actually a story about a womans desires and frustrations in her life. Steinbeck uses many examples, such as the flowers to symbolize the thoughts and ideas of the main character, Elisa, in this story. Elisa Allen is a lonesome woman who gets pleasure from growingRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck Essay1029 Words   |  5 PagesSteinbeck’s â€Å"Chrysanthemums†: How Boundaries Limited Elisa’s Pursuing for Self Fulfillment â€Å"The Chrysanthemums†, â€Å"a brilliant piece of writing, perhaps the best story Steinbeck ever wrote†, as expressed by Jay Parini in his article Lawrence’s and Steinbeck’s â€Å"Chrysanthemums†, is one of the most interesting and ambiguous story of this writer. Steinbeck’s little story shows to the reader the reality of women during the nineteenth hundreds and the great depression. In order to show this reality,Read MoreThe Chrysanthemums By John Steinbeck Analysis949 Words   |  4 PagesBiography John Ernst Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California, which is where the short story, â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† is set in 1902. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature and his held in high regard, but not quite as high as Faulkner and Hemingway. Steinbeck died of a heart attack in Salinas, California in 1963 (Levant). Overview Steinbeck published the short story The Chrysanthemums in 1937 and included as part of his collection The Long Valley the following year. In the story, Henry AllenRead MoreSummary Of The Chrysanthemums By John Steinbeck858 Words   |  4 PagesSummary Response Essay- â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† Their are times in life when we all get so busy that we forget to make time for people we care about. This is because we take each other for granted and push aside the important things such as having fun, talking to each other and enjoying life with each other to deal with things we consider to be more important and concerning. This type of situation is becoming way too common in todays society with people connected with their work and that we no longer

Study of Leadership in Professional Practice Health and Social care Free Essays

Introduction This essay will discuss leadership, the various definitions and theoretical concepts in context to leadership. The different qualities and characteristics of an exemplary leader and identify leadership styles in congruence to health care and self. It will also discuss the importance of reflective learning and various models which aid in reflection are also discussed and using a reflective approach identify strengths and weakness of own leadership and learning styles, and develop a personal development plan to review the strengths and strategize an action plan to overcome the weaknesses. We will write a custom essay sample on Study of Leadership in Professional Practice Health and Social care or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leaders are ordinary people who do extraordinary things as asserted by Kouzes and Posner (1995).Leadership definitions are more often confusing and ambiguous because of the use of indefinite terms to describe phenomena such as authority, power, management, administration, and supervision Yulk (1989). Leadership is defined under multiple dimensions. Weihrich and Koontz (2005) defines leadership as influence, they compare it to an art or process of influencing people so that they strive readily and enthusiastically towards the attainment of group goals. Another definition on leadership views it as the use of interpersonal skills in achieving specific goals Sullivan and Garland (2010). Yet another leadership definition asserted by Bitpipe’s (2006) is that leadership is a management skill that focuses on the development and employment of vision, mission and strategy as well as the creation of a motivated workforce. Hughes et al (2006) suggest that the wide range of definitions can contribute to a better and greater understanding of the various factors that influence leadership, as well as present different perspectives on the concept. Leadership is a term hard to contain within a certain number of theories. However various theorists describe the various paradigms of leadership. Leadership theories are dynamic and change over time. The earliest theories on leadership were during the 1900-1940 which were the basis of most leadership research. The two theories widely discussed were the Great Man theory and Trait theories. The Great Man theory from is developed from the Aristotelian philosophy which asserts that certain people are born to lead whereas others are born to be led. The theory further suggests that great leaders arise when situations demand it. Trait theory asserts that some people have certain characteristics or a personality trait that makes them better leaders than others. Gofee and Jones (2000) cited in their work that early theories of leadership focused on personality traits of leaders, as though leadership was a characteristic that resided in some people not others. The various traits associated with the theory are intelligence, knowledge, judgment, decisiveness, oral fluency, interpersonal relationship and creativity to mention a few. Behavioral theories were developed during the human relation era between1940-1980. The theory strongly emphasized on the leaders’ style of leadership. Lewin and White (1951) and Lippit (1960) isolated three main leadership styles associated with the theory namely authoritarian, democratic and Laissez- Faire. The authoritarian style of leadership is in which the group are motivated by coercion, strong control is exercised at all times by the leader over the group. The flow of communication is always downwards. The decision making is vested in the leader and criticism is always punitive. Authoritarian leadership is helpful in well defined group actions. This style provides group members a feeling of security. The productivity of the group is high; however creativity and autonomy are compromised. It is most useful in crisis situations. In the democratic style the leader less control is maintained on the group, members are directed through suggestions and guidance, communication i s didactic, decision making is shared. Emphasis on â€Å"we feeling† and equality, criticism is constructive. Democratic style of leadership is appropriate for groups who work together for extended periods, promotes autonomy and growth in individual work. The style is effective when cooperation and coordination between groups are required. The Laissez-Faire style of leadership is one where the leader is very permissive and has less or no control over the group. The leader motivates by support and only upon request from the members. No criticism is performed. It can be used when all group members highly motivated and self directed. This type of leadership style is used to bring about creativity. It is most appropriate in poorly defined problems and to create solutions with great extent of brainstorming. Situational and contingency leadership theories concepts emerged during the 1950-1980 period. The theory of contingency approach outlined by Fidler (1967) suggested that no one leadership style is ideal for every situation. He argued that task to be accomplished and the power associated with the leaders’ position are key variables. Benis and Nanus (1985) further strengthen the theory by stating leaders cannot lead without power, and also referring power as the currency of leadership. Situational approach to leadership was developed by Hersey and Blanchard (1977). Their model of leadership effectiveness predicts leadership style is appropriate in each situation based on the level of the followers’ maturity. The next theory to evolve in the argument of theorists which added complexity to leadership was the interactional theory. The basic concepts of these theories were that the leadership behavior is usually determined by the relationship between leaders’ personality and specific situation. Brandt’s (1994) interactive leadership model suggests that leaders develop a work environment that fosters autonomy and creativity through valuing and empowering followers. Brandt states that this type of leadership gives the leader greater freedom while simultaneously increasing the leader’s responsibility. However as an advantage there is lesser need in resolving conflicts between followers. The modern theories of leadership led way to the development of transactional and transformational leadership. Burn’s (2003) came out with a novel addition to the interactional theory suggesting that both leaders and followers have the ability to raise each other to higher levels of motivation and morality. This concept was identified as transformational leadership. Mc Guire and Kennerly (2006) identifies transactional leaders as leaders who sets goals, gives directions and uses rewards to reinforce employee behaviors related with accomplishing established goals. Longnecker (2006) states that the transformational leader inspires and motivates followers not only as a role model but also by recognizing the uniqueness of the follower and being creative. Martins and Henderson (2001) argues that by developing shared values and sense of purpose, transformational leaders can alter how staff sees themselves and their organization. Servant leadership developed by Greenleaf (1977) greatly influenced leadership thinking of the 21st century. The leader puts service of his/her employers, customers and community as the number one priority. Greenleaf argued that to be a great leader, one must be a servant first. Howatson and Jones (2004) assert that leadership is about ‘leaders serving the needs of followers and empowering them rather than the organization’. Other modern theories of leadership styles include principle agent theory, emotional intelligence, authentic leadership, thought leadership and quantum leadership. Shirley (2006) outlines the five distinguishing characteristics as purpose, values, heart, relationship and self discipline. The Kouzes and Posner (1995) model on the characteristics of exemplary leadership stated that leaders should have five main qualities. ‘Inspiring a shared vision’,’ modeling the way’, ‘challenging the process’, ‘encouraging the heart’ and enabling others to act. In a study of the role of leadership in modernizing and improving public services, Hartley and Allison (2002) describe three different aspects of leadership which they describe as the ‘three Ps’: ‘the person’, ‘the position’ and ‘the process’. Leadership roles adapted from Kotter (1990) and Northouse (1997) asserts that leadership produces change and movement, vision building and strategizing, aligning people and communicating and motivating and inspiring. The study conducted by the Hay group in 2007 to ascertain whether leadership styles of various ward managers can affect levels of staff satisfaction and in turn patient care using a 3600 leadership and work climate assessment identified six different leadership styles namely ‘directive’ , ‘visionary’ , ‘affiliative’ , ‘participative’ , ‘pace-setting’ and coaching. Reflection gives us a thorough record and it is a well established tool for learning as asserted by Benner (2001). The theories of reflection are approached through various aspects included the works of four writers namely John Dewey, Jurgen Habermas, Donald Schon and David Kolb. Dewey (1933, p.9) defines reflection as an ‘active, persistent and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusion to which it ends.’ Another definition consistent with the definition of Dewey †Reflection in context of learning is a generic term for those intellectual and affective activities in which individuals engage to explore their experiences in order to lead to new understandings and appreciation.†Boud et al (1985, p.9). Dewey has two aspects of reflective thinking, the state of doubt and an act of searching. The Boud et al process suggests that the reflective process is initiated when the individual returns to the experience, recollecting what has taken place and replaying the experience. Finally revaluation takes place. There are different categories of models of reflection which are structured, hierarchical, iterative, synthetic and holistic. Structured models include two works on reflection by Johns (1993, 1994a, 1994b) describes reflection as a simple task to do without expert guidance and good support. The reflective model put forth by John’s is in context to health services and is termed as guided framework of reflection. Smyth (1991) developed another structured model. He stages the model into four stages. The first stage involves describing the moment; second stage encompasses informing what the moment describes itself as. The next stage is to confront the moment and knowing how the moment was like. The final stage called the construct describes how the person would do things differently. Of the best known hierarchical models; Mezirow (1983) developed a model where reflection is described in seven levels. ‘Reflectivity’ which forms the base of the level is described as the act of becoming aware of a specific incident or inferring meaning acting. The second level is ‘affective’ it is described as the way one feels about the way one perceives, thinks or acts. Thereafter in the third level called the ‘descriminant’ the person asses the efficacy of his/her perception and try to realize the reality of the context in which he/she works that is identify the relationship to a situation. The fourth stage or level is ‘judgmental‘ , making and becoming aware of your value about perception , as whether they are positive or negative. The sixth level is called the ‘psychic’ level where one recognizes about one’s self about the habit of making precipitant judgment about the people based on limited information. Th e ‘theoretical’ level forms the top of the model which is becoming aware of the underlying assumptions. Iterative models are the models that are based upon the idea that the reflective process is described as a cycle and that in depth awareness and increase of knowledge and skillfulness arise from repeated ‘clockwise’ movements. Gibbs reflective cycle (1988) is a six point cycle which starts from description of an event asking a question like what happened, secondly describing the feeling at point of event, thereafter evaluating about the experience whether it was good or bad. Then making an analysis of the situation and making sense out of it. The fifth point of the cycle is about concluding the incident in terms of what could have been done. Finally drawing out an action plan what would you do if the experience arises again. Atkins and Murphy (1994) developed a cyclical model by drawing in consideration and works of others. They state that it is possible to begin the reflective process by reflecting on achievements. The first point of the cycle begins with the awareness of uncomfortable feeling or thought, then describe the situation where the feeling and thoughts occurs, thereafter analyze feelings and challenge the knowledge and in the next point in the cycle which is the ‘action’ where a new experience is generated. The strengths of these two models are that it encompasses knowledge, feelings and action in one learning cycle. Another variant in the iterative model is the Bouden et al (1985). The second variant is that of Ghaye et al (1996b) which is based on action research literature put forth by Donald Schon. I undertook the assessment of my own leadership skill using 3600 leadership questionnaire based on the work of Kouzes and Posner (2003). The leadership questionnaire helped me identify my strengths and weaknesses. My strengths outlined according to the 3600 questionnaire were determination, competent and strong communicator and networker. I could identify my strengths as a leader with the above theories of leadership. The weakness of my leadership skills outlined from the questionnaire was that I lacked the quality of inspiring and empowering others. Personal development plan (PDP), is a tool that can identify areas for further development and encourage lifelong learning. It acts as a process of planning, monitoring, assessment, and support to help staff develop their capabilities and potential to fulfill their job role and purpose. To identify my preferred learning style I undertook the Honey and Momford (1986) learning styles questionnaire and identified my preferred learning style as a strong reflector and a pragmatist and a moderate preference as that of a theorist. The best way that a reflector would learn is by observing individuals or group at work. They usually review what has happened and think about what they have learned, prefer doing tasks with tight deadlines. However a reflector learns less when acting as a leader or role playing. Doing things with no time to prepare and while being thrown at deep ends. Using the Gibbs model of reflection (1988) I was able to describe an incident which helped me learn about a new experience. The incident took place at the lecture hall 7020 in my university. I had an opportunity to learn about communication and personality. I learned about the Myer’s-Brigg’s inventory on the types of personalities and the dichotomies which elicited the personality traits. I thought about the dichotomy and was able to relate and identify my personality trait. Before learning about the inventory on personality I was not aware of my traits. The experience has helped me to understand and make me aware of myself and also to regard different personalities other than mine. Thus helping me to understand people with different personality traits and build up a harmonious interaction. The learning has helped me formulate an action in my personal development plan to enable me to inspire others as a leader and empower them. The Gibb’s cycle (1988) is a cyclic al process; it’s easy to understand and is very malleable and flexible. All the most Gibb’s cycle has helped me develop a personal development plan action. The Myers-Briggs type indicator is based on the Carl Jung’s theory of personality. The model identifies human behavior and personality styles in four dimensions. Bar and Bar (1989) who did study and administered Myers-Briggs type indicators in various managers and executives suggested that leaders must develop excellence in all eight areas to maintain consistent leadership. The dimensions are life attitude under which categories are extroversion or introversion. The second dimension is perception under which the category is sensing or intuiting. The third dimension is judgment under which categories of thinking or feeling are described. The fourth dimension is outer world orientation which holds categories of judging or perceiving. The core issue of leadership throughout the essay exemplifies the dynamic nature of leadership. The reflective learning process is a very important aspect of leadership within health care Transformational and transactional leadership qualities are regarded to the lie within leadership ability which demands high quality care Avolio and Bass (1998). The learning style helps a leader to understand the specific learning needs by developing a personal development plan involving reflective thinking. Great leader are not made and not born. REFERENCES Atkins, S. and Murphy, K. (1994)’ Reflective Practice ‘, nursing standard, 8(39), pp: 49-50. Bass, B.M. , Avolio, B.J. , and Goodheim , L. (1987) Biography and the assessment of transformational leadership at the world – class level , journal of management, 13(1), pp: 17-19. Bennis, W. (1989) Why leaders can’t lead. San Francisco: Jossey-Boss. Bernis, W. and Nannes, B. (1985) Leaders: the strategies for taking charge. London: Harper and Row. Bitpipe.com (2006), Leadership (IT management leadership) definition from http://www.bitpipe.com/list/leadership.html(accessed on May 5th 2011). Bond, D., Keogh, C. and Walter, D. (Eds) (1985) Reflection: Turning experience into learning, Kogan Page, London. Burns, J.M. (2003) Transforming Leadership. Newyork NY: Groove/ Atlantic Inc. Cook, C. (2003) The many faces of diversity: Overview and summary, online journal of issues in nursing, 8(1) accessed on 7th May 2011, http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/topic20/tpc20ntr.htm. Dewey, J (1933) how we think. Boston MA: Dc Health and co. Feidler, F. (1967) A theory of leadership effectiveness. Newyork: Mc Graw- Hill. Ghaye, T. and Lillyman, S. (1997) Learning Journal of critical incidents: Reflective practice for health care professionals, Sallisburry: Mark Ellen Publications. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by doing: A guide to learning and teaching methods. Birmingham: Sced. Gofee, R. and Jones, G. (2000) Why should anyone be led by you?, Harvard business review, 78(5), pp: 63- 70. Greenleaf, R.K. (1977), Servant leadership: A journey in the nature of legitimate power and greatness. Newyork: Panlist. Hay group (2007) Nurse Leadership: being nice is not enough. London: Hay group. Hersey, D. and Blanchard, K.H (1988) Management of organizational behavior: utilizing human resources, 5th edn. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall. Hughes, R.L., Ginnet, R.C. and Curphy, G.J. (2006) Leadership enhancing the lessons of experience, 5th edn. Boston: Mcgraw Hill. Hurley, J. and Linsley, P. (2007) ‘Leadership challenges to move nurses towards collaborative individualism within a neocorporate beauraucratic environment’, Journal of Nursing Management, 15, pp: 749-755. Johns, C. (1994) ‘Nuances of reflection’, journal of clinical nursing, 3, pp: 71-75. Kembler, D. (2006) Reflective teaching and learning in health profession. Oxford: Blackwell science ltd. Kenmore, P. (2008) ‘Applied leadership’, nursing management, 15(1), pp: 24-26. Kotter, J.P. (1990) A force for change: How leadership differs from managementFreepress: Newyork. Kouzes, J.M. and Posner, B.Z. (1987) The Leadership Challenge: How to get extraordinary things done in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass publishers. Longnecker, P.D. (2006), Evaluating transformational leadership skills in hospice executives, American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 23(3), pp: 205-211 Louden, w. (1991) Understanding Teaching. London: Cassell. Marquis, L.B. and Huston, J.C. (2009) Leadership roles and management functions in nursing. China: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Mc Guire, E. and Kennerly, S.M. (2006) Nurse Managers are transformational and transactional leaders, Nursing Economics, 24(9), pp: 179-186. Mezirow, J. (1983) ‘Critical theory of adult learning and education’ in education for adults, vol (1), Ed MTight, Croomhelen, London. Moon, A.J. (2002) reflections in learning and professional development. London: Kogan page. Northhouse, P.G. (1997) Leadership: Theory and practice. San Francisco CA: Sage. Smyth, J. (1989) ‘Developing and sustaining critical reflection in teacher’s education’, journal of teacher education, 40(2), pp: 2-9. Sullivan, E.J. and Garland, G. (2010) Practical Leadership and Management in Nursing, 7th edn, London: Prentice Hall. Taylor, V. (2007) ‘Leadership for service improvement’, Nursing Management, 13(9), pp: 30-34. Tomney, M.A. (1993) Transformational leadership in nursing. Missouri: Mosby. Weihrich, H., Koontz, H. (2005) Management: A global perspective, 11th edn. Singapore: Mc Graw Hill. Wilding, M.P. (2008) Reflective practice: A learning tool for student nurse, British Journal of Nursing, 17(11), pp: 721-724. 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Ethics Analysis and Critical Thinking Unnamed Aerial Vehicles

Question: Describe about the Ethics Analysis and Critical Thinking for Unnamed Aerial Vehicles. Answer: Drones or Unnamed Aerial vehicles (UAVs) are the remotely controlled military aircraft that are used for two major purposes, one is for attacks and the other is fro surveillance. They are generally controlled by the operators who are sitting at thousands of miles away from the site of attack or surveillance. However, in the recent times, several controversies have emerged in the use of drones and much of it is ethical in context to the use of the drones for targeted killings of individuals and invasion of privacy. The drones are also used extensively for scientific research, for geophysics surveys and terrain mapping, track the endangered species and monitoring the changes in the behaviour and habitats in wildlife. It is also used for extending help in the disaster situations especially during firebreaks because it facilitates in rescuing individuals without the use of humans since the drones can easily fly over impassable roads and can detail the situation. In addition to the above benefits, there is also a major concern that is associated with the use of drones. For example, the drones are characterized with the potentiality of performing the tasks that were previously performed by the humans. So, the use of drones is not looked upon in a favourable manner since its possibility to take the jobs of the people. The recent study conducted by PWC also puts forward the fact that the commercial application of drones would replace nearly $127 billion worth of services and labour in the future time (PwC, 2016). There is another major concern that is related to the use of drones and it is the increasing public policy issue in context to the use of drones and its impact on the right to privacy (McKelvey et al., 2015). The drones have the ability to loiter over a specific region for long hours and thus it is looked upon as the best option of persistent surveillance. So it tends to increase the scope of visual surveillance and also enhances the degree of invasiveness in context to the actions like recording, observation, transmission and tracking the behaviour of indivuals (Clarke, 2014). So, when the drone is operated to fly over a specific region, it facilitates in collecting vast amount of data and can also facilitate with sensitive information regarding private property and private behaviour of the individuals. So, in this context it can be said that there exists a need for a regulatory regime for protecting the privacy keeping in mind the fact that the regulatory regime should not constrai n the drone application until and unless it is justified (Butler, 2014). Is Artificial Intelligence a Threat to Humanity? After the report published by the World Economic Forum, it is perceived by various individuals that artificial intelligence possess threat to the human beings since it possess the ability to take over the tasks and actions performed by the human beings (Guitton, 2014). Moreover, it has also been advocated that artificial intelligence can poses a real threat to humanity. However, till recent time, it has become clear that there are various questions that still need to be answered and the questions are like: Is it really possible to develop such conscious machines that possess the ability to think and feel? What is actual meaning of conscious? What does intelligence actually mean? What would be the impact of the combination of internet of things and intelligence? So, in an attempt of defining intelligence, it can be said that intelligence can be defined as the ding the right thing at the right time in flexible manner since it facilitates in surviving in proactive manner and enhancing the productivity in each and every aspect of life. Moreover intelligence can also be categorized into rational intelligence used for performing tasks like solving complex problems, playing chess and making decisions about the future, social intelligence used for performing social and courteous behaviour and finally emotional intelligence used for emotional reactions towards other individuals. So, in this context it can be said that human brains are smartly wired in order to perform certain tasks and most of the actions of human beings are automatic and reflexive. There are various actins for which we do not need to be conscious and it is the human brain that is always involved in the process of analyzing, assimilating and implementing the instructions. So, it is difficult rather impossible to develop and program robots who can perform the actions that are typically and easy endeavour for the human brain (Martnez-Miranda and Aldea, 2005). Moreover, even though the development of artificial intelligence can to some extent make the life of human beings easy, but the major concern is that it should be efficiently used and used in manner for productive purposes and not for destructive purposes. Again, the robots lacking much intelligence can be a deadly deal. This has been evident from the report published by The Financial Times. A technician was working with a co-worker to install an industrial robot and in the process he was attacked by the robot (Financial Times, 2015). The technician was within the safety cage and this is done in such processes with the intention to keep people at a distance. Thus the cause of the incident cannot be related to the wish of the machine to harm the technician, but it did happen. So, in this context, it can be said that human error can be considered to be a better bet. References Financial Times. (2015).Worker at Volkswagen plant killed in robot accident. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/0c8034a6-200f-11e5-aa5a-398b2169cf79 [Accessed 5 Oct. 2016]. Guitton, M. (2014). Artificial vs. enhanced intelligence: Computer or human behavior?.Computers in Human Behavior, 31, pp.332-333. InformationWeek. (2015).The Threat Of Artificial Intelligence. [online] Available at: https://www.informationweek.com/mobile/mobile-devices/the-threat-of-artificial-intelligence/a/d-id/1321188 [Accessed 5 Oct. 2016]. Martnez-Miranda, J. and Aldea, A. (2005). Emotions in human and artificial intelligence.Computers in Human Behavior, 21(2), pp.323-341. Butler, D. (2014).The dawn of the age of the drones: An Australian privacy law perspective.TheUniversity of New South Wales Law Journal, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2014: 434-470. Clarke, R. (2014).The regulation of civilian drones impacts on behavioural privacy.Computer Law Security Review,30(3), 286-305. McKelvey, N., Diver, C., Curran, K. (2015).Drones and Privacy.International Journal Of Handheld Computing Research,6(1), 44-57. PwC (2016).Clarity from above PwC global report on the commercial applications of drone technology.PwC.Retrieved from https://preview.thenewsmarket.com/Previews/PWC/DocumentAssets/433056.pdf